This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during the 6th through 9th centuries.
The list is chronological and does not include epigraphy or poetry. For poetry, see: 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th century in poetry. For early epigraphy, see List of languages by first written accounts.
During this period, a number of classical languages inherited from earlier epochs remain in active use (Chinese, Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Persian, Hebrew). The same period also sees the rise of newly written vernaculars, partly replacing earlier literary languages (e.g. Old Hindi, Old French, Arabic, Germanic, Celtic, Turkic, etc.).
Undated
The bulk of literature in Classical Sanskrit dates to the early medieval period, but in most cases cannot be dated to a specific century.
The vocalized Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible developed during the 7th to 10th centuries.
The Old English Beowulf is dated to anywhere between the 8th and early 11th centuries.
Ecgbert, Archbishop of York c.732–766, establishes a notable library in the Northumbrian city of York.
6th century
- Arabic literature
- Antarah ibn Shaddad
- Aramaic literature (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic)
- Babylonian Talmud
- Indian Literature
- Sanskrit literature
- Aryabhata: Aryabhatiya
- Yativá¹Âá¹£abha: Tiloyapannatti
- VarÃÂhamihira: Pancha-Siddhantika, Brihat-Samhita
- Virahanka
- Jatasimhanandi: Varangacharita.
- Dharmakirti: Saá¹Âbandhapariká¹£hÃÂvrtti, PramÃÂá¹ÂaviniÃ
Âcaya, PramÃÂá¹ÂavÃÂrttika<nowiki/>kÃÂrika, PramÃÂá¹ÂavÃÂrttikasvavrttiNyÃÂyabinduprakaraá¹Âa, HetubindunÃÂmaprakaraá¹Âa, Saá¹ÂtÃÂnÃÂntarasiddhinÃÂmaprakaraá¹Âa, VÃÂdanyÃÂyanÃÂmaprakaraá¹Âa
- BhÃÂviveka: Madhyamakahá¹Âdaya-karika, PrajñÃÂpradëpa, Wisdom Lamp (PrajñÃÂpradëpa)
- Ã
Âëlabhadra: BuddhabhÃ
«mivyÃÂkhyÃÂna
- Udyotakara: NyÃÂyavÃÂrttika
- Prashastapada: PadÃÂrtha-dharma-saá¹Â
graha, PraÃ
ÂastapÃÂda BhÃÂá¹£ya
- Vishakhadatta: MudrÃÂrÃÂká¹£asa, Devichandraguptam
- Bhatta Narayana: Venisamhara
- Sthiramati: RatnagotravibhÃÂga
- DignÃÂga: PramÃÂá¹Âa-samuccaya, Hetucakra, Alambana-parëká¹£ÃÂ, AbhidharmakoÃ
Âa-marma-pradëpa, TrikÃÂla-pariká¹£a, NyÃÂya-mukha
- Gaudapada: MÃÂá¹Âá¸Âukya KÃÂrikÃÂ, Durga Saptashati Tika, Uttara Gita Bhashya, Subhagodaya, Sri Vidyaratna Sutra bhasya
- BuddhapÃÂlita: Buddhapalitavrtti
- Tamil literature
- Bengali literature
- Bhusuku Pa: Charyapada (6, 21, 23, 27, 30, 41, 43 and 49 no para or verses)
- Byzantine literature
- PG 86a: Presbyter Timothy of Constantinople, Joannes Maxentius, Theodorus Lector, Procopius Deacon of Tyre, Theodorus Bishop of Scythopolis, Presbyter Timothy of Jerusalem, Theodosius I of Alexandria, Eusebius of Alexandria, Eusebius of Emesa, Gregentius of Taphar, Patriarch Epiphanius of Constantinople, Isaac of Nineveh, Barsanuphius of Palestine, Eustathius monk, Emperor Justinian, Agapetus the Deacon, Leontius Byzantinus
- PG 86b: Leontius Byzantinus (continuation), Patriarch Ephraim of Antioch, Paulus Silentiarius, Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople, Evagrius Scholasticus, Eulogius of Alexandria, Simeon Stylites the Younger, Patriarch Zacharias of Jerusalem, Patriarch Modestus of Jerusalem, Anonymous on the siege of Jerusalem by the Persians, Jobius, Erechthius Bishop of Antioch in Pisidia, Peter Bishop of Laodicea.
- Secret History by Procopius
- Chinese literature (Early Middle Chinese)
- Emperor Jianwen of Liang
- Thousand Character Classic
- Latin literature (see Late Latin)
- Chronicle of Fredegar
- Commentary on Job by Pope Gregory I
- Etymologiae by Isidore of Seville
- Historia Regibus Gothorum Vandalorum et Suevorum by Isidore of Seville
- Historia Francorum by Gregory of Tours
- The Origin and Deeds of the Goths by Jordanes
- Patrologia Latina vols 63-80: Boetius, Ennodius Felix, Trifolius presbyter, Hormisdas I, Elpis, Fulgentius Ruspensis, Felix IV, Bonifacius II, Benedictus pater monachorum Occidentalium, Dionysius Exiguus, Viventiolus Lugdunensis, Trojanus Santonensis, Pontianus Africae, Caesarius Arelatensis, Fulgentius Ferrandus, Primasius Adrumetanus, Arator, Nicetius Trevirensis, Aurelianus Arelatensis, Cassiodorus, Gregorius Turonensis, Pelagius II, Joannes II, Benedictus I, Gregorius I, Eutropius Episcopus, Gregorius I, Paterius (Notarius Gregorii I), Alulfus Tornacensis, Maximus Caesaraugustanus Episcopus, Eutropius Episcopus, Tarra Monachus, Dinothus Abbas, Dynamus Patricius, Augustinus Apostolus Anglorum, SS Bonifacius IV, Concilium Romanum III, Bulgaranus, Paulus Emeritanus Diaconus, Tamaius De Vargas. Thomas, Gondemarus Rex Gothorum, Marcus Cassinensis, Warnaharius Lingonensis Episcopus, Columbanus Hibernus
- Agathias
- Evagrius Scholasticus
- Pahlavi literature
- BorzÃ
«ya
7th century
- Arabic language
- Qur'an
- Indian Literature
- Sanskrit literature:
- Bhagavadajjukam (satirical play)
- Brahmagupta: BrÃÂhmasphuá¹ÂasiddhÃÂnta, Khandakhadyaka, Grahaá¹ÂÃÂrkajñÃÂna
- KumÃÂrila Bhaá¹Âá¹Âa: Shlokavartika, Tantravartika, Tuptika
- Chandragomin: Shisyalekha, Twenty Verses on the Bodhisattva Vow, SarvatathÃÂgataoá¹£á¹ÂëṣaÃ
ÂitÃÂtapatrÃÂ-nÃÂmÃÂparÃÂjitÃÂ-mahÃÂpratyangirÃÂ-mahÃÂvidyÃÂrÃÂjñë-nÃÂma-dhÃÂraá¹Âi
- BhÃÂskara I: ÃÂryabhaá¹ÂëyabhÃÂá¹£ya, MahÃÂbhÃÂskarëya, LaghubhÃÂskarëya
- Bhutabali: Satkhandagama
- Madhava-kara: Rug-vinischaya
- Amaru: Amaru Shataka
- Mahendravarman I: Mattavilasa Prahasana (satire), Bhagavadajjukam
- Haribhadra: AnekÃÂntajayapatÃÂkÃÂ, Yogadá¹Âá¹£á¹Âisamuccaya, Ashtakaprakarana, Dharmabindu, DhÃ
«rtÃÂkhyÃÂna, PañcÃÂÃ
Âaka, á¹¢aá¸ÂdarÃ
Âanasamuccaya, SamarÃÂiccakahÃÂ, SÃÂstravÃÂrtÃÂsamuccaya, Yogabindu, YogaÃ
Âataka, Sanmatti Prakaran
- Budhasvamin: Bá¹ÂhatkathÃÂÃ
Âlokasaá¹Âgraha
- BÃÂá¹Âabhaá¹Âá¹Âa: Harshacharita, Kadambari
- Daá¹Âá¸Âin: Kavyadarsha, DaÃ
ÂakumÃÂracarita
- Bhamaha: Kâvyâlankâra
- Subandhu
- Mayurbhatta: Surya Satakam
- Ravisena: Padma Purana
- Manatunga: Bhaktamara Stotra
- Haridatta: Grahacaranibandhana
- Prakrit Literature
- Jinabhadra: Brihatsangrahani, Briharkshetrasamasa, Visheshanavati, Visheshavashyaka Bhashya, Dhyanashataka, Jitkalpa Sutra
- Tamil literature
- Byzantine literature
- PG 87a-87b: Procopius of Gaza
- PG 87c: Procopius of Gaza, Joannes Moschus, Sophronius, Alexander monk
- PG 88: Cosmas Indicopleustes, Constantine the Deacon, Joannes Climacus, Agathias Myrinæ, Gregory Bishop of Antioch, Joannes Jejunator (Patriarch John IV of Constantinople), Dorotheus the Archimandrite
- PG 89: Anastasius Sinaita, Anastasius of Antioch, Anastasius Abbot of Euthymius, Anastasius IV Patriarch of Antioch, Antiochus of Sabe
- PG 90: Maximus the Abbot
- PG 91: Maximus the Confessor, Thalassius the Abbot, Theodore of Raithu
- PG 92: Paschal Chronicle, George Pisides
- PG 93: Olympiodorus Deacon of Alexandria, Hesychius, Leontius Bishop of Neapolis in Cyprus, Leontius of Damascus
- Latin literature
- Chronicon Paschale
- Origo Gentis Langobardorum
- Patrologia Latina vols. 80-89: Aileranus Scoto Hibernus, Ethelbertus Anglorum, SS Adeodatus I, Sisebutus Gothorum, Bertichramnus Cenomanensis, Protandius Vesuntinus Archiepiscopus, SS Bonifacius V, Sonniatus Rhemensis Archiepiscopus, Verus Ruthenensis Episcopus, Chlotarius II Francorum Rex, SS Honorius I, Dagobertus Francorum Rex, Hadoinudus Cenomanensis Episcopus, Sulpicius Bituricensis Episcopus, Autbertus Cameracensis, SS Ioannes IV, Eutrandus Ticinensis Diaconus, Victor Carthaginensis Episcopus, Braulio Caesaraugustiani, Taio Caesaraugustianus Episcopus, Isidorus Hispalensis, Liturgia Mozarabica, Venantius Fortunatus, Crisconius Africanus, Sergius I, Joannes VI, Felix Ravennatensis, Bonifacius Moguntinus
- Hiberno-Latin
- Hisperica Famina
- Old English literature
- Cædmon: Cædmon's Hymn
- Middle Chinese (see Tang dynasty Chinese writers)
- Bianji (辯æ©Â)
- Li Dashi (æÂÂ大師, 570âÂÂ628)
- Yan Shigu (é¡Â師å¤, 581âÂÂ645)
- Chu Suiliang (è¤ÂéÂÂè¯, 597âÂÂ658)
- Fang Xuanling (Fang Qiao, æÂ¿å¬ 579âÂÂ648)
- Li Qiao (æÂÂå¶ , 644âÂÂ713)
- Li Jing (æÂÂéÂÂ, 571âÂÂ649)
- Li Baiyao (æÂÂç¾èÂÂ¥, 564âÂÂ647)
- Li Chunfeng (æÂÂ淳風, 602âÂÂ670)
- Liu Zhiji (Ã¥ÂÂç¥幾, 661âÂÂ721)
- Luo Binwang (é§±è³ÂçÂÂ, c. 640âÂÂ684)
- Ouyang Xun (æÂÂé½詢, 557âÂÂ641)
- Sun Simiao (嫿ÂÂéÂÂ, 581âÂÂ682)
- Yu Shinan (èÂÂä¸ÂÃ¥ÂÂ, 558âÂÂ638)
- Wei Zheng (éÂÂå¾µ, 580âÂÂ643)
- Sun Guoting (å«éÂÂåºÂ, 646âÂÂ691)
- Armenian
- Sebeos
- John Mamikonean
- Anania Shirakatsi
- Ge'ez
- Garima Gospels
8th century
- Indian Literature
- Sanskrit literature
- Gautama Siddha: Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
- PrajñÃÂvarman: DevÃÂtiÃ
ÂÃÂyastotraá¹ÂëkÃÂ, UdÃÂnavargavivara, ViÃ
Âeá¹£astavaá¹ÂikÃÂ
- Shivamara II: Gajamathakalpana
- Bhavabhuti: Mahaviracharita, Malatimadhava, Uttararamacarita
- Vilwamangalam Swamiyar: Shree Krishna Karnamrutam, Sreechinham, Purushakaaram, Abhinava-Kausthubha-Maala, Dakshinaamoorthy-Sthavam, Kaalavadha Kaavyam, Durgaasthuthi, Baalakrishna Sthothram, Baalagopaala Sthuthy, Sreekrishna Varadaashtakam, Vrindaavana Sthothram, Bhaavanaamukuram, Raamachandraashtakam, Ganapathy Sthothram, Anubhavaashtakam, Mahaakaalaashtakam, Kaarkotakaashtakam, Krishnaleelaa-Vinodam, Sankara-Hridayamgamaa, Subanda-Saamraajyam, Thinganda-Saamraajyam, Kramadeepika
- Akalanka: Laghiyastraya, PramÃÂnasangraha, NyÃÂyaviniscaya-vivarana, Siddhiviniscaya-vivarana, Astasati, TattvÃÂrtharÃÂjavÃÂrtika
- Dharmottara: NyÃÂyabinduá¹ÂëkÃÂ
- Lalla: Jyotiá¹£aratnakoÃ
Âa, Ã
Âiá¹£yadhëvá¹Âddhidatantra
- Acharya Vamana: Kavyalankara Sutra
- KamalaÃ
Âëla: BhÃÂvanÃÂkrama, MadhyamÃÂlaá¹ÂkÃÂra-panjika
- Padmapadacharya: PañcapÃÂdikÃÂ
- Ã
ÂÃÂlikanÃÂtha: Prakaraá¹ÂapañcikÃÂ, RjuvimalÃÂpañcikÃÂ, DëpaÃ
ÂikhÃÂpañcikÃÂ
- Ã
ÂÃÂntaraká¹£ita: Tattvasaá¹Â
graha, Tattvasaá¹Â
graha
- Shantideva: Ã
Âiká¹£ÃÂsamuccaya, Bodhicaryavatara
- VirÃ
«pa: Amá¹Âtasiddhi
- Adi Shankara: Commentaries on , Aitareya Upaniá¹£ad, Bá¹ÂhadÃÂraá¹Âyaka Upaniá¹£ad, êÃ
Âa Upaniá¹£ad, Taittirëya Upaniá¹£ad, Ã
ÂvetÃÂÃ
Âvatara Upaniá¹£ad, Kaá¹Âha Upaniá¹£ad, Kena Upaniá¹£ad, ChÃÂndogya Upaniá¹£ad, MÃÂá¹Âá¸ÂÃ
«kya Upaniá¹£ad, Muá¹Âá¸Âaka Upaniá¹£ad, PraÃ
Âna Upaniá¹£ad, BhagavadgëtaVishnu Sahasranama, SÃÂnatsujÃÂtiya, GÃÂyatri Mantraá¹Â; Philosophical works: VivekacÃ
«á¸ÂÃÂmaá¹Âi, UpadeÃ
ÂasÃÂhasri, Pañcëkaraá¹Âa, ÃÂtma bodha, Aparoká¹£ÃÂnubhÃ
«ti, NirvÃÂá¹Âa á¹¢aá¹Âkam, ManëÃ
Âa Pañcakaá¹ VÃÂkya vá¹Âtti
- Vidyananda: Ashtasahasri
- Vimalamitra: Vima Nyingthig.
- Sridhara: Trisatika, PÃÂá¹Âëgaá¹Âita
- Byzantine literature
- PG 94âÂÂ95: John of Damascus
- PG 96: John of Damascus, John of Nicæa, Patriarch John VI of Constantinople, Joannes of EubÃ
Âa
- PG 97: John Malalas (6th century), Andrew of Crete, Elias of Crete and Theodore Abucara
- PG 98: Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople, Cosmas of Jerusalem, Gregory of Agrigento, Anonymus Becuccianus, Pantaleon Deacon of Constantinople, Adrian monk, Epiphanius Deacon of Catania, Pachomius monk, Philotheus monk, Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople
- PG 99: Theodore of Studion
- Latin literature
- Bede (Patrologia Latina vols. 90âÂÂ95), Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum etc.
- Anonymous, Vita Sancti Cuthberti
- Stephen of Ripon, Vita Sancti Wilfrithi
- Paulus Diaconus, Historia Langobardorum
- John of Damascus
- Patrologia Latina vols. 96-101 Hildefonsus Toletanus, Julianus Toletanus, Leo II, Carolus Magnus, Ludovicus I, Lotharius, Rudolphus I, Paulinus Aquileiensis, Theodorus Cantuariensis, Alcuinus
- Navigatio sancti Brendani abbatis (Voyage of St Brendan the abbot)
- 'Codex Amiatinus', earliest surviving complete manuscript of the Vulgate, produced at MonkwearmouthâÂÂJarrow Abbey and gifted in 716 to the Pope
- Celtic literature
- Immram Brain (maic Febail) (The Voyage of Bran [son of Febail])
- Immram Maele Dúin (The Voyage of Máel Dúin)
- Arabic literature
- Ibn Ishaq
- Khalil ibn Ahmad
- Wahb ibn Munabbih
- Ibn al-Muqaffa'
- Middle Chinese (see Tang dynasty Chinese writers)
- Du Huan (æÂÂç°, fl. 8th century)
- Du You (æÂÂä½Â, 735âÂÂ812)
- Li Bai (æÂÂç½, 701âÂÂ762)
- Liu Zhi (Ã¥ÂÂç§©, fl. 8th century)
- Lu Yu (é¸羽, 733âÂÂ804), The Classic of Tea (è¶ç¶Â, chájëng, c. 760âÂÂ62)
- Qian Qi (é¢起, 710âÂÂ782)
- Sima Zhen (å¸馬è²Â, fl. 8th century)
- Wang Wei (çÂÂç¶Â, 699âÂÂ759)
- Yi Xing (ä¸Âè¡Â, 683âÂÂ727)
- Japanese literature
- Man'yÃ
ÂshÃ
« (ä¸ÂèÂÂéÂÂ) compiled by Ã
Âtomo no Yakamochi (大伴 å®¶æÂÂ)
- Kannada: see Rashtrakuta literature
- Old Georgian: The Life of Saint Nino, The Martyrdom of Abo Tbileli
9th century
- Byzantine literature
- PG 100: Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Stephen Deacon of Constantinople, Gregory of Decapolis, Patriarch Christopher I of Alexandria, Patriarch Methodios I of Constantinople
- PG 101âÂÂ103: Photius of Constantinople
- PG 104: Photius of Constantinople, Petrus Siculus, Peter bishop of Argos (Saint Peter the Wonderworker), Bartholomew of Edessa
- PG 105: Nicetas of Paphlagonia, Nicetas Byzantius, Theognostus monk, Anonymous, Joseph the Hymnographer
- Latin literature
- Carolingian minuscule calligraphy begins to be developed; Martianus Hiberniensis (819–75) is among the pioneers
- Stuttgart Psalter (c. 820), Golden Psalter of St. Gallen
- Annales Bertiniani (830âÂÂ882), Abbey of Saint Bertin, Saint-Omer, France
- According to history-book of TÃÂriḵ-e SistÃÂn (History of Sistan), the first Persian qasida is written by Moḥammad bin Wasif in praise of Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in c. 872.
- De bellis Parisiacae urbis (The Wars of the City of Paris), in Latin, by Abbo Cernuus (890s)
- Liber Pontificalis
- Patrologia Latina vols. 102âÂÂ132: Smaragdus S. Michaelis, Benedictus Anianensis, Sedulius Scotus, Agobardus Lugdunensis, Eginhardus, Claudius Taurinensis, Ludovicus Pius, Theodulfus Aurelianensis, Eigil Fuldensis, Dungalus reclusus, Ermoldus Nigellus, Symphosius Amalarius, Gregorius IV, Sergius II, Jonas Aurelianensis, Freculphus Lexoviensis, Frotharius Tullensis, Rabanus Maurus, Walafridus Strabo, the Glossa Ordinaria, Leo IV, Benedictus III, Eulogius Toletanus, Prudentius Trecensis, Angelomus Lexoviensis, Haymo Halberstatensis, Nicolaus I, Florus Lugdunensis, Lupus Ferrariensis, Paschasius Radbertus, Ratramnus Corbeiensis, Aeneas Parisiensis, Remigius Lugdunensis, Wandalbertus Prumiensis, Paulus Alvarus Cordubensis, Gotteschalcus Orbacensis, Johannes Scotus Eriugena, Ado Viennensis, Usuardus Sangermanii, Carolus II Calvus, Hincmarus Rhemensis, Anastasius bibliothecarius, Isidorus Mercator, Remigius Antissiodorensis, Notkerus Balbulus, Regino Prumiensis, Hucbaldus S. Amandi
- Vita Brendani / Betha Brenainn / Life of St. Brendan
- Nennius (attributed), Historia Brittonum (The History of the Britons, c. 828âÂÂ29)
- Asser, Vita ÃÂlfredi regis Angul Saxonum (The Life of King Alfred, 893)
- Book of Kells written and illuminated in a Columban monastery in the British Isles (c. 800)
- Old English literature (890s)
- Alfred the Great's translations
- Pope Gregory I's Pastoral Care, the first known book in English
- Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy and an alliterative verse version, the Metres of Boethius
- Blostman ("Blooms"), an anthology partly based on the Soliloquies of Augustine
- Portions of the Vulgate Book of Exodus and the first fifty poems of the Psalter
- Werferth's translation of Pope Gregory I's Dialogues
- Translation of Orosius' Histories against the Pagans incorporating the narrative of Ohthere of HÃÂ¥logaland
- Translation of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People)
- Arabic literature
- Al-KitÃÂb al-muḫtaá¹£ar fë ḥisÃÂb al-ÃÂabr wa-l-muqÃÂbala (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing)
- Persian scholar Sibawayh writes the first Arabic grammar in 840.
- Al-Baladhuri (died 892)
- Al-Jahiz (776âÂÂ868/9)
- Kitab al-Hayawan (Book of Animals)
- Kitab al-Bukhala (Book of Misers)
- Kitab al-Bayan wa al-Tabyin (Book of Eloquence and Demonstration)
- Risalat mufakharat al-sudan 'ala al-bidan (Treatise on Blacks)
- Ibn Sa'd (784âÂÂ845) â Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra (Book of the Major Classes, biographical collection)
- Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz (861âÂÂ908)
- Al-Waqidi (c. 748âÂÂ822)
- Ya'qubi (died 897/8)
- The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, presumed to originate in this century (the oldest surviving text belongs to the 14th century)
- Germanic
- ÃÂjóðólfr of Hvinir
- Haustlöng
- Ynglingatal
- ÃÂorbjörn Hornklofi
- Glymdrápa
- Hrafnsmál (Haraldskvæði)
- Sanskrit literature
- Gunavarma I
- Amoghavarsha I
- 868: May 11 â The Diamond Sutra, the oldest known surviving dated book, is printed in China.
- Middle Chinese (see Tang dynasty Chinese writers)
- Duan Chengshi (段æÂÂå¼Â, died863)
- Han Yu (éÂÂæÂÂ, 768âÂÂ824)
- Mo Xuanqing (è«宣å¿, died 834)
- Li Ao (æÂÂ翱, 772âÂÂ841)
- Liu Yuxi (Ã¥ÂÂ禹é«, 772âÂÂ842)
- Liu Zongyuan (æÂ³å®ÂÃ¥Â
Â, 773âÂÂ819)
- Yuan Zhen (Ã¥Â
Â稹, 779âÂÂ831)
- Zhang Yanyuan (張彥é )
- Tamil: see Chola literature
- Kannada: see Rashtrakuta literature
- Kavirajamarga, Royal path to poets in Kannada
- Vaddaradhane
- Govindsvamin
- Shivakotiacharya
- Telugu
- Addanki Poetic Inscription (848 AD)
- Armenian
- Tovma Artsruni
- Old Church Slavonic
- Turkic
- Book of Dede Korkut
See also
Notes
References