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Kāvya

Kāvya (Devanagari: , IAST: kāvyá) was the Sanskrit literary style used by Indian court poets flourishing between c. 200 BCE and 1200 CE.

This literary style, which includes both poetry and prose, is characterised by abundant usage of figures of speech such as metaphors, similes, and hyperbole to create its characteristic emotional effects. The result is a short lyrical work, court epic, narrative or dramatic work. Kāvya can refer to the style or the completed body of literature. Aśvaghoṣa (c. 80–150 CE), a philosopher and poet considered the father of Sanskrit drama, is attributed with first using the term.

Early kāvya

Although very little literature in the kāvya style written before the time of Kālidāsa (5th century CE) survives, it can be assumed that it dates back to an early time from quotations in Patañjali's grammatical treatise the Mahābhāṣya (2nd century BCE), as well as from poems written on various inscriptions of the 4th to 6th centuries CE.

One early epic work in this style is the Buddhacarita ("A Life of Buddha") by Aśvaghoṣa (2nd century CE). Only the first half of this survives in Sanskrit, and the rest in a Chinese translation made c. 420 CE.

Mahākāvya

Kālidāsa is believed to have lived in the early 5th century CE. He is the author of two epics, the Raghuvaṃśa and Kumārasambhava. These two epics are traditionally known as mahākāvya "great epics".

Other writers of great epics were Bhāravi (6th century CE), author of Kirātārjunīya; Māgha (c. 7th Century CE), author of Śiśupālav-adha, an epic famous for its linguistic ingenuity, and Śrīharṣa (12th century CE), author of Naiṣadhīya-carita. Another epic often called a mahākāvya, is Bhaṭṭikāvya, which is simultaneously a narrative and a manual of grammatical instruction. It is believed by some to have been written by the 7th-century poet and grammarian Bhartṛhari.

Prose writers

One prose writer was Subandhu (5th or 7th century CE?), author of Vāsavadattā, a romantic tale. Another was Bāṇabhaṭṭa, also called Bāṇa (7th century CE), author of Kādambarī, a romantic novel, and of Harṣacarita, a biography written in poetic prose.

Another well-known writer of the period was Daṇḍin (7th–8th century CE), who, in addition to poetry, wrote the Kāvyādarśa, a discussion of poetics, and the Daśakumāracarita.

Some examples of kāvya

Source:

Epics

  • Rāmāyaṇa – VālmÄ«ki
  • Mahābhārata – Vyāsa
  • Kumāra-sambhava – Kālidāsa
  • Buddha-carita – Aśva-ghoá¹£a
  • Raghu-vaṃśa – Kālidāsa
  • Madhurā-vijaya – Gaṅgā-devÄ«
  • Kṛṣṇa-vilāsa – Sukumāra
  • Vikramāṅka-deva-carita – Bilhaṇa
  • Śiva-lÄ«lārṇava – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • KirātārjunÄ«ya – Bhāravi
  • Śiśupāla-vadha – Māgha
  • Naiá¹£adhÄ«ya-carita – ŚrÄ«-hará¹£a
  • JānakÄ«-pariṇaya – Cakra-kavi
  • Raghunāthābhyudaya – Rāma-bhadrāmbā
  • Gāṅgāvataraṇa – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Daśāvatāra-carita – Ká¹£emendra
  • PÅ«rva-purāṇa – Jina-sena
  • Rukmiṇīśa-vijaya – Vādi-rāja
  • Dharma-śarmābhyudaya – Hari-candra
  • Bāla-bhārata – Amara-candra
  • ŚrÄ«kaṇṭha-carita – Maṅkha
  • Rāma-carita – Abhinanda
  • JānakÄ«-haraṇa – Kumāra-dāsa
  • Yādavābhyudaya – Vedānta-deśika
  • Yudhiṣṭhira-vijaya – Vāsudeva
  • Rāvaṇa-vadha – Bhaá¹­á¹­i
  • Kapphiṇābhyudaya – Śiva-svāmÄ«
  • Hara-vijaya – Ratnākara
  • Rāghava-pāṇḍavÄ«ya – Kavi-rāja

Plays

  • Ūru-bhaṅga – Bhāsa
  • Svapna-vāsavadatta – Bhāsa
  • Matta-vilāsa-prahasana – Mahendra-varmā
  • BhagavadajjukÄ«ya – Mahendra-varmā
  • Mṛcchakaá¹­ika – Śūdraka
  • Kunda-mālā – Diṅnāga
  • Mālavikāgnimitra – Kālidāsa
  • RatnāvalÄ« – Hará¹£a-vardhana
  • Vikramorvaśīya – Kālidāsa
  • Abhijñāna-śākuntala – Kālidāsa
  • Nāgānanda – Hará¹£a-vardhana
  • Prabodha-candrodaya – Kṛṣṇa-miśra
  • Uttara-rāma-carita – Bhava-bhÅ«ti
  • Veṇī-saṃhāra – Bhaá¹­á¹­a-nārāyaṇa
  • Mudrā-rāká¹£asa – Viśākha-datta
  • Padma-prābhṛtaka – Śūdraka
  • Pāda-tāḍitaka – Śyāmilaka
  • Pratijñā-yaugandharāyaṇa – Bhāsa
  • Hāsya-cūḍāmaṇi – Vatsa-rāja
  • KarpÅ«ra-carita-bhāṇa – Vatsa-rāja
  • Bāla-carita – Bhāsa
  • Avimāraka – Bhāsa
  • Āścarya-cūḍāmaṇi – Śakti-bhadra
  • Priya-darśikā – Hará¹£a-vardhana
  • Karṇa-sundarÄ« – Bilhaṇa
  • Tāpasa-vatsa-rāja – Māyu-rāja
  • Naiá¹£adhānanda – Ká¹£emīśvara
  • Viddha-śālabhañjikā – Rāja-śekhara
  • Laá¹­aka-melaka – Śaṅkha-dhara
  • Hāsyārṇava – Jagadīśa
  • Prasanna-rāghava – Jaya-deva
  • MahāvÄ«ra-carita – Bhava-bhÅ«ti
  • MālatÄ«-mādhava – Bhava-bhÅ«ti
  • Hanumannāṭaka
  • Ubhayābhisārikā – Vara-ruci
  • DhÅ«rta-viá¹­a-saṃvāda – Īśvara-datta
  • Anargha-rāghava – Murāri
  • Bāla-rāmāyaṇa – Rāja-śekhara
  • Saṅkalpa-sÅ«ryodaya – Vedānta-deśika

Stories and Fables

  • Pañca-tantra – Viṣṇu-śarmā
  • Hitopadeśa – Nārāyaṇa-paṇḍita
  • Siṃhāsana-dvātriṃśikā
  • Vetāla-pañcaviṃśati – Jambhala-datta
  • Jātaka-mālā – Ārya-śūra
  • Bhoja-prabandha – Ballāḻa
  • Śuka-saptati – Cintā-maṇi
  • Puruá¹£a-parÄ«kṣā – Vidyā-pati
  • Prabandha-koá¹£a – Rāja-śekhara
  • Prabandha-cintāmaṇi – Meru-tuṅga

Prose Works

  • Daśa-kumāra-carita – Daṇḍī
  • KādambarÄ« – Bāṇa-bhaá¹­á¹­a
  • Hará¹£a-carita – Bāṇa-bhaá¹­á¹­a
  • Tilaka-mañjarÄ« – Dhana-pāla
  • Vāsava-dattā – Subandhu

Campū

  • Rāmāyaṇa-campÅ« – Bhoja
  • NÄ«lakaṇṭha-vijaya-campÅ« – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Viśva-guṇādarśa-campÅ« – VeṅkaṭādhvarÄ«
  • Bhārata-campÅ« – Ananta-bhaá¹­á¹­a
  • Varadāmbikā-pariṇaya-campÅ« – Tirumalāmbā
  • Yātrā-prabandha – Samara-puṅgava-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Nṛsiṃha-campÅ« – Daivajña-sÅ«rya
  • Pārijātāpaharaṇa-campÅ« – Śeá¹£a-śrÄ«-kṛṣṇa
  • Udaya-sundarÄ«-kathā – Soḍḍhala
  • Yaśastilaka-campÅ« – Soma-deva-sÅ«ri
  • Nala-campÅ« – Trivikrama-bhaá¹­á¹­a

Short Poems

  • Ṛtu-saṃhāra – Kālidāsa
  • NÄ«ti-dviá¹£aṣṭikā – Sundara-pāṇḍya
  • NÄ«ti-śataka – Bhartṛhari
  • Vairāgya-śataka – Bhartṛhari
  • Amaru-śataka – Amaruka
  • Sabhā-rañjana – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Kali-viḍambana – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Vairāgya-śataka – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Śānti-vilāsa – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Megha-dÅ«ta – Kālidāsa
  • BhāminÄ«-vilāsa – Jagannātha
  • GÄ«ta-govinda – Jaya-deva
  • Bhallaá¹­a-śataka – Bhallaá¹­a
  • Anyāpadeśa-śataka – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Mahiá¹£a-śataka – Vāñcheśvara
  • Dṛṣṭānta-kalikā-śataka – Kusuma-deva
  • Cāṇakya-nÄ«ti – Cāṇakya
  • GumānÄ«-śataka – GumānÄ«-kavi
  • Śānti-śataka – Śilhaṇa
  • Haṃsa-sandeśa – Vedānta-deśika
  • Kokila-sandeśa – Uddaṇḍa
  • Āryā-sapta-śatÄ« – Govardhana
  • TÄ«rtha-prabandha – Vādi-rāja
  • Pārśvābhyudaya – Jina-sena
  • Sahṛdayānanda – ŚrÄ«-kṛṣṇānanda
  • Subhāṣita-kaustubha – VeṅkaṭādhvarÄ«
  • Subhāṣita-nÄ«vÄ« – Vedānta-deśika

Devotional Hymns

  • Śivānanda-laharÄ« – Śaṅkarācārya
  • ŚrÄ«-kṛṣṇa-karṇāmṛta – LÄ«lā-śuka
  • Gaṅgā-laharÄ« – Jagannātha
  • Śivotkará¹£a-mañjarÄ« – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Saundarya-laharÄ« – Śaṅkarācārya
  • Sudhā-laharÄ« – Jagannātha
  • Varada-rāja-stava – Appayya-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Ānanda-sāgara-stava – NÄ«lakaṇṭha-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • MÅ«ka-pañcaśatÄ« – MÅ«ka-kavi
  • Pādukā-sahasra – Vedānta-deśika
  • Laká¹£mÄ«-nṛsiṃha-karāvalambana-stotra – Śaṅkarācārya
  • Devyaparādha-ká¹£amāpaṇa-stotra – Śaṅkarācārya
  • Śiva-mahimnaḥ stotra – Puá¹£pa-danta
  • Śyāmalā-daṇḍaka
  • Śiva-pādādi-keśānta-stotra – Śaṅkarācārya
  • Viṣṇu-pādādi-keśānta-stotra – Śaṅkarācārya
  • Gopāla-viṃśati – Vedānta-deśika
  • Karuṇā-laharÄ« – Jagannātha
  • Laká¹£mÄ«-laharÄ« – Jagannātha
  • Rāma-karṇāmṛta – Rāmabhadra-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Rāmāṣṭa-prāsa – Rāmabhadra-dÄ«ká¹£ita
  • Raṅgarāja-stava – Parāśara-bhaá¹­á¹­a
  • Garuḍa-pañcāśat – Vedānta-deśika
  • Stuti-kusumāñjali – Jagaddhara
  • Caṇḍī-śataka – Bāṇa-bhaá¹­á¹­a
  • SÅ«rya-śataka – MayÅ«ra
  • Nārāyaṇīya – Nārāyaṇa-bhaá¹­á¹­atiri
  • DevÄ«-śataka – Ānanda-vardhana
  • Īśvara-śataka – Īśvara-kavi
  • Laká¹£mÄ«-sahasra – VeṅkaṭādhvarÄ«

Satires and Verse Narratives

  • Darpa-dalana – Ká¹£emendra
  • Kuá¹­á¹­inÄ«-mata – Dāmodara
  • Deśopadeśa – Ká¹£emendra
  • Kalā-vilāsa – Ká¹£emendra
  • Narma-mālā – Ká¹£emendra
  • Rāmāyaṇa-mañjarÄ« – Ká¹£emendra
  • Bhārata-mañjarÄ« – Ká¹£emendra
  • Kathā-sarit-sāgara – Soma-deva
  • Rāja-taraṅgiṇī – Kalhaṇa
  • Sevya-sevakopadeśa – Ká¹£emendra
  • Cāru-caryā – Ká¹£emendra
  • Bṛhatkathā-mañjarÄ« – Ká¹£emendra
  • Caturvarga-saṅgraha – Ká¹£emendra
  • Deśopadeśa – Ká¹£emendra
  • Samaya-mātṛkā – Ká¹£emendra
  • Bhikṣāṭana-kāvya – Utprekṣā-vallabha

Anthologies

  • Samayocita-padya-mālikā
  • SubhāṣitāvalÄ« – Vallabha-deva
  • Subhāṣita-ratna-koá¹£a – Vidyākara
  • Subhāṣita-ratna-bhāṇḍāgāra
  • Subhāṣita-sudhā-nidhi – Sāyaṇācārya
  • PadyāvalÄ« – RÅ«pa-gosvāmÄ«
  • Śārṅgadhara-paddhati – Śārṅgadhara
  • SÅ«kti-muktāvalÄ« – Jalhaṇa
  • Sadukti-karṇāmṛta – ŚrÄ«dhara-dāsa

Modern Works

  • Vātsalya-rasāyana (short poem) – Sridhar Bhaskar Warnekar
  • Kāma-śuddhi (short play) – V Raghavan
  • Kālidāsa-rahasya (short poem) – Sridhar Bhaskar Warnekar
  • Nāṭya-pañcagavya (collection of short plays) – Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra
  • Pañca-kulyā (collection of short poems) – Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra
  • Preká¹£aṇaka-trayÄ« (collection of short plays) – V Raghavan
  • Candra-sena (play) – S D Joshi and Vighna Hari Deo
  • LaharÄ«-daśaka (collection of short poems) – Radhavallabh Tripathi
  • Śiva-rājyodaya (epic) – Sridhar Bhaskar Warnekar
  • AnārkalÄ« (play) – V Raghavan
  • Megha-prati-sandeśa (short poem) – Mandikal Rama Shastri
  • Kaṇṭakāñjali (satire) – K S Arjunwadkar
  • Vicchitti-vātāyanÄ« (collection of verses) – Jagannath Pathak
  • KāpiśāyinÄ« (collection of short poems) – Jagannath Pathak
  • ParÄ«vāha (collection of short poems) – Balram Shukla
  • Nipuṇa-prāghuṇaka (play) – Shankar Rajaraman
  • Bhārāvatāra-stava (devotional hymn) – Shankar Rajaraman
  • MṛtkÅ«á¹­a (short poem) – Bhaskaracharya Tripathi
  • Pratijñā-kauá¹­ilya (play) – Jaggu Vakulabhushana
  • Citra-naiá¹£adha (short poem)– Shankar Rajaraman
  • SÄ«tā-rāvaṇa-saṃvāda-jharÄ« (short poem) – C Rama Shastri and Sitarama Shastri
  • Lokālaṅkāra-paṅkÄ«ya (satire) – S Jagannatha
  • Asta-vyasta (play) – S Jagannatha
  • Kāvya-kalāpa (collection of short poems) – Jaggu Shingararya
  • Abhirāja-saptaśatÄ« (collection of short poems) – Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra
  • Abhirāja-sāhasrÄ« (collection of short poems) – Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra
  • Nāṭya-nava-ratna (collection of short plays) – Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra
  • RÅ«pa-rudrÄ«ya (collection of short plays) – Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra
  • Akiñcana-kāñcana (play) – Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra
  • MÄ«rā-laharÄ« (short poem) – Kshama Rao
  • Mṛgāṅka-dÅ«ta (short poem) – Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra
  • Kavitā-putrikā-jāti (collection of short poems) – Balram Shukla
  • Pratijñā-śāntanava (short play) – Jaggu Vakulabhushana
  • Maṇi-haraṇa (short play) – Jaggu Vakulabhushana
  • Apratima-pratima (short play) – Jaggu Vakulabhushana
  • Prasanna-kāśyapa (short play) – Jaggu Vakulabhushana
  • Vivekānanda-vijaya (play) – Sridhar Bhaskar Warnekar
  • Śatālaṅkāra-kṛṣṇa-śataka (short poem) – H V Nagaraja Rao
  • Vyājokti-muktāvalÄ« (short poem) – Mahalinga Shastri
  • Bhramara-dÅ«ta (short poem) – Mahalinga Shastri
  • Adbhutāṃśuka (play) – Jaggu Vakulabhushana
  • Madhurāñjali (collection of poems) – Galagali Ramacharya
  • Adbhuta-dÅ«ta (epic) – Jaggu Vakulabhushana
  • Laghu-raghu (short poem) – Bhaskaracharya Tripathi
  • DevÄ«-dānavÄ«ya (short poem) – Shankar Rajaraman

See also

Notes

Glossary

References

Bibliography