12th century in poetry

Europe

Events

• Emergence of the troubadour, trouvère and minnesänger traditions, in the Occitan, Langues d'oïl and Middle High German vernaculars respectively

Major works

• 1180 to 1210 - Nibelungenlied
• Aiol and Mirabel in Old French
• The Tale of Igor's Campaign in Old East Slavic, dated near the end of the century
• Durham in Old English
• Ormulum in Middle English
• Chanson d'Antioche and other crusader tales at the beginning of the century.

Poets

• Chakhrukhadze poet, author of Tamariani
• Shota Rustaveli poet of the 12th century, author of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin"
• Chrétien de Troyes flourishes in the 1170s and 1180s
• Marie de France flourishes from approximately 1170 through 1205/1210, author of lais in Anglo-Norman
• Jean Bodel
• Undated troubadors
• Bernart de Ventadorn (c. 1130s - c. 1190s)
• Cercamon (fl. 1130s and 1140s)
• Marcabru (fl. 1140s and 1150s)
• Arnaut de Mareuil (fl. late 12th century)
• Goliard poets, writing in Latin, flourish in European universities
• Nigel de Longchamps, writing in Latin in England
• John of Hauville, writing in Latin, probably in France
• Walter of Châtillon, writing in Latin in France
• Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr, fl. in the last half of the century in Wales
• Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor, writing in Hebrew in France in the last half of the century
• Hartmann von Aue (c. 1160 - 1210s), writing in Middle High German

Middle East

Events

• Emergence of Turkic poetry

Byzantine poets

• Michael Glykas
• Theodore Prodromos (c. 1100 - c. 1165/70)
• Nicholas Kallikles
• John Tzetzes (c. 1100 - 1180)
• Constantine Manasses (c. 1130 - c. 1187)
• Manganeios Prodromos
• Constantine Stilbes
• Niketas Eugenianos

Arab world poets

• Ibn al-Farid (1181–1235)
• Muhyi al-din ibn al-'Arabi, (died 1240)
• Ahmad al-Tifashi (died 1253)

Persia

Persian poets

• Adib Sabir ادیب صابر
• Am'aq عمعق بخارائی
• Anvari انوری ابیوردی
• Nasrullah Monshi
• Farid al-Din Attar, poet (about 1130-about 1220) فریدالدین عطار نیشاپوری
• Omar Khayyám, poet (1048-1131) عمر خیاÙÂ
• Nizami Ganjavi, poet (about 1141–1209) نظامی
• Nizami Aruzi
• Saadi, poet (1184-1283/1291?) سعدی
• Sheikh Ruzbehanشیخ روزبهان
• Abdul Qadir Jilaniعبدالقادر گیلانی
• Khaqani Shirvani خاقانی شروانی
• Sanaayiسنایی
• Zhende pil
• Muhammad Aufi
• Masudi Ghaznavi
• Jmaluddin Aburuh
• Falaki Shirvani
• Hassan Ghaznavi, poet
• Ardeshir Ebadi
• Sanai Ghaznavi, poet
• Abulfadhl Meybodi
• Mu'izzi
• Ein-ul Quzzat Hamedani
• Mihani
• Shahmardan
• Ibn Balkhi
• Muzaffer Esfazari
• The author of Mejmal al-tawarikh wal-qesas
• Mohammed Ghanemi
• Qattan Marvzi
• Uthman Mukhtari
• Ismail Jorjani
• Mahsati مهستی گنجوی, a woman poet from Azerbaijan
• Omar ibn Sahlan
• Rashid al-Din Muhammad al-Umari Vatvat خولجه رشید الدین وطواط
• Abulfotuh Razi
• Nizami Arudhi Samarqandiنظامی عروضی سمرقندی

China

Chinese poets

• Lu You 陸游 (1125–1209), Southern Song dynasty poet in the shi and ci forms, born on a boat on the Wei River early on a rainy morning, October 17; known for the poem 示儿 ("To my son")

Japan

Japanese works

Imperial poetry anthologies:

• Kin'yō WakashÅ« 10 scrolls, 716 poems, ordered by former Emperor Shirakawa, drafts completed 1124–1127, compiled by Minamoto no Shunrai (Toshiyori)
• Shika WakashÅ« 10 scrolls, 411 poems, ordered in 1144 by former Emperor Sutoku, completed c. 1151–1154, compiled by Fujiwara Akisuke
• Senzai WakashÅ« 20 scrolls, 1,285 poems, ordered by former Emperor Shirakawa, probably completed in 1188, compiled by Fujiwara no Shunzei (also known as Toshinari)

Japanese poets

• Fujiwara no Akisue 藤原顕季 (1055–1123), late Heian period poet and nobleman, member of the Fujiwara poetic and aristocratic clan
• Fujiwara no Ietaka 藤原家隆 (1158–1237), early Kamakura period waka poet; has several poems in the Shin Kokin WakashÅ« anthology; related by marriage to Jakuren; pupil of Fujiwara no Shunzei's
• Fujiwara no Shunzei 藤原俊成, also known as "Fujiwara no Toshinari", "Shakua" 釈阿, "Akihiro" 顕広 (1114–1204), poet and nobleman, noted for his innovations in the waka poetic form and for compiling Senzai WakashÅ« ("Collection of a Thousand Years"), the seventh Imperial anthology of waka poetry; father of Fujiwara no Teika; son of Fujiwara no Toshitada
• Fujiwara no Teika 藤原定家, also known as "Fujiwara no Sadaie" or "Sada-ie" (1162–1242), a widely venerated late Heian period and early Kamakura period waka poet and (for centuries) extremely influential critic; also a scribe, scholar and widely influential anthologist; the Tale of Matsura is generally attributed to him; son of Fujiwara no Shunzei; associated with Jakuren
• Fujiwara no Tameie 藤原為家 (1198–1275), the central figure in a circle of poets after the JōkyÅ« War in 1221; second son of poets Teika and Abutuni
• Emperor Go-Toba, 後鳥羽天皇, also known as 山科僧正 (1180–1239)
• Gyōi 行意 (1177–1217?), late Heian, early Kamakura period poet and Buddhist monk; one of the New Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; son of Fujiwara no Motofusa
• Jakuren 寂蓮, also known as "Fujiwara no Sadanaga" 藤原定長 before becoming a monk (1139–1202), initially adopted by Fujiwara no Shunzei, later stepped aside as Shunzei's heir and became a Buddhist priest; on the model of Saigyo, traveled around the country, composing poems; frequently associated with Fujiwara no Teika; one of six compilers of the eighth imperial waka anthology, Shin Kokin WakashÅ«, which contains 36 of his poems; adopted Fujiwara no Ietaka, a pupil of Shunzei's; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology
• Jien 慈円 (1155–1225) poet, historian, and Buddhist monk
• Jinzai Kiyoshi 神西清 (1903–1957) Shōwa period novelist, translator, literary critic, poet and playwright
• Kamo no Chōmei 鴨長明 (1155–1216), author, waka poet and essayist
• Minamoto no Shunrai, also "Minamoto Toshiyori", (c. 1057–1129) poet who compiled the Gosen WakashÅ« anthology; passed over to compile the GoshÅ«i WakashÅ«, Shunrai's angry polemical, "Errors in the GoshÅ«ishÅ«", apparently led Emperor Shirakawa to appoint him to compile the Kin'yō WakashÅ« imperial anthology, which was itself controversial
• Minamoto no Yorimasa 源頼政 (1106–1180) poet, government official and warrior; his poems appeared in various anthologies
• Saigyō Hōshi 西行法師 pen name of Satō Norikiyo 佐藤義清, who took the religious name En'i 円位 (1118–1190), late Heian and early Kamakura period waka poet who worked as a guard to retired Emperor Toba, then became a Buddhist monk at age 22
• Princess Shikishi 式子内親王 (died 1201), late Heian and early Kamakura period poet, never-married daughter of Emperor Go-Shirakawa; entered service at the Kamo Shrine in Kyoto in 1159, later left the shrine, in later years a Buddhist nun; has 49 poems in the Shin Kokin ShÅ« anthology
• Shunzei's Daughter, popular name of Fujiwara Toshinari no Musume 藤原俊成女、, also 藤原俊成卿女、皇(太)后宮大夫俊成(卿)女, 越部禅尼 (c. 1171 – c. 1252), called the greatest female poet of her day, ranked with Princess Shikishi; her grandfather was the poet Fujiwara no Shunzei

South Asia

Poets

• Jayadeva, Gita Govinda, in Sanskrit
• Akka Mahadevi, in Kannada
• Allama Prabhu, in Kannada
• Nagavarma II, in Kannada
• Rudrabhatta, in Kannada
• Chand Bardai, in Hindi
• Fariduddin Ganjshakar, in Punjabi

Southeast Asia

• Kakawin Hariwangsa (mid-century), in Java

Decades and years

References