Lanmi (), also spelled as Lanmee, refers to the traditional warrior class in Ancient Kangleipak, the early realm of modern day Manipur, a region in northeast India with a long and established martial history. The term Lanmi translates to "man of war" or "warrior" in the Meitei language. The institution of Lanmi played a central role in ManipurâÂÂs military system and cultural heritage, especially during its time as an independent kingdom before its integration into Republic of India.
Manipur was historically an independent kingdom ruled by Meitei monarchs. Its strategic location and frequent conflicts made it necessary for the kingdom to develop a strong and well-organized military force. The foundation of the Lanmi system coincided with the establishment of a centralized administrative structure, notably during the reign of King Meidingu Punshiba (1404âÂÂ1432).
The military department created under Punshiba was called Shingchep Meira Haijouroi (Torch Swingers). The Lanmis served the king during royal processions and also took part in battles. They carried traditional arms such as swords, spears, and shields and also had ceremonial roles during peace times.
In times of war, Lanmis fought as skilled warriors. During peace, they took on various roles including:
It was customary that husbands of the kingâÂÂs daughters were not allowed to join the Lanmi ranks. Lanmis also participated in specialized rituals and festivals, including Ayang Chatpa, which involved religious offerings and taboos.
The Meitei army, including the infantry, was organized using a decimal system, similar to that of the Mughals. The basic unit was a regiment of 1,000 soldiers, originally called a fauji or doli, later known as a tuli. The entire army was made up of 13 tulis, each with its own name and command.
Each Tuli was divided into several Lups (companies). A Tuli usually had 7 to 17 companies. Each Lup was led by a Lakpa, and below him were various officers including Hidang Hanjaba, Thangsuhanba, Thangsunaha, Tenshuhanba, Tenshunaha, and Meiraba. During the British period, ranks like Captain, Subedar, and Jamadar were also used. The commander of a Tuli was called Lallup Chingba or Tulinaha Major.
The military of Manipur reached its peak during King GaribaniwajâÂÂs rule. He established a formal military structure with three main branches:
Khong Lanmi (), also known as Khongmi Lanmi (), refers to the infantry or foot soldiers of the Meitei traditional army. It was one of the three main divisions of the military, along with Sagol Lanmi (cavalry or horsemen) and Hi Lanmi (naval or boat army).
The Khong Lanmi were the most numerous and important branch of the Meitei military forces. These infantry soldiers were trained to engage in direct hand-to-hand combat and often faced enemies fearlessly, sometimes fighting against several opponents at once.
The Khong Lanmi were recruited through the Lallup system, a type of compulsory military service. All able-bodied Meitei males aged 17 or 18 to 60 years were trained as soldiers. They had to serve the state for 10 days out of every 40 days, ensuring the kingdom had a constant supply of well-trained troops.
The infantry used both traditional and modern weapons, especially in different historical periods. Common weapons included:
From the late 16th century, firearms began to be used. King Mungyamba brought guns from Khamral (Burma or China) in 1584 C.E. Later, King Khagemba used guns against enemies in Cachar kingdom and Tripura kingdom. In PamheibaâÂÂs reign (1709âÂÂ1748), bell metal cannons called Sen Kamran were used. By 1825, Raja Gambhir Singh received 1,500 muskets from the British, indicating further modernization of the army.
At various points in history, the infantry had a significant strength:
The thirteen regiments of Khong Lanmi included: 1. Tulihal 2. Tuliyaima 3. Tulinaha 4. Bhitna Tuli 5. Vishnu Senahal Tuli 6. Vishnu Naha Tuli 7. Top Tuli 8. Loya Tuli 9. Kang Tuli 10. Kangnao Tuli 11. Oinamlong Tuli 12. Naya Tuli 13. Bamdiyar Tuli
The Khong Lanmi were not just a military force but also an integral part of Meitei society. The Lallup system tied military duty to citizenship, ensuring that military service was both a responsibility and a rite of passage for all Meitei men.
Sagol Lanmi (Cavalry):
Hi Lanmi (Boat Army):
Several departments existed to support the military, each with specialized roles:
Traditional Meitei culture integrated rituals into military life to maintain spiritual balance and honor:
Manipur had a structured reward system for warriors and hunters:
Before going to war, ancient Meiteis practiced various forms of divination:
1. Leichillon Kanglon Yengba: Observing cloud shapes for omens
2. Shaya Miren Yengba: Examining one's shadow or reflection to predict fate in battle
During the monarchical era, martial training and military service were essential for all able-bodied men in Manipur. The Lanmi system not only protected the kingdom but also defined Meitei identity and pride.
In modern times, these traditions have largely faded, but there is growing interest in preserving and reviving Manipur's ancient martial culture. Many scholars and cultural activists advocate for teaching the younger generations about the martial heritage of the Lanmi and its role in shaping ManipurâÂÂs history.