my-server
← Wiki Redirected from Streptaxid

Streptaxidae

Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.

Streptaxidae are monophyletic while all subfamilies and several genera are polyphyletic.

Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.

Streptaxidae are carnivorous except for one species Edentulina moreleti, which is herbivorous. All streptaxids have well-developed radula, except Careoradula perelegans, which is the only known terrestrial gastropod without radula.

Altogether 66 species from the family Streptaxidae are listed in the 2010 IUCN Red List.

Distribution

The historical area of origin of the Streptaxidae is probably Gondwanaland.

The family is widely distributed across the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa and Asia. The Recent native distribution of Streptaxidae includes South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mayotte, Comores, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, India, Sri Lanka, Andamans, South-East Asia and the Philippines. The genus Gibbulinella is found in the Canary Islands.

The species diversity of Streptaxidae reaches its maximum in sub-Saharan Africa.

With 13 genera and about 130 nominal species, the second most diverse streptaxid fauna can be found in Southeast Asia. Streptaxidae are the most diverse among tropical Asian carnivorous snails. In Indochina, streptaxid diversity was thought to comprise only 10 genera and about 40 species in 1967. However, in 2006–2016, 21 new species (more than half the previous total) and one new genus had been described from Indochina. Thirty-seven species are recorded from Thailand, 10 from Myanmar, 45 from Vietnam, and 12 from Laos.

Description

Streptaxids can generally be recognized by their eccentric or cylindrical shells, while the animals have a bright yellow to red or orange body with external hook-like structures on the everted penis.

Early classifications of the family such as Wilhelm Kobelt (1905–6), used mainly shell shape and the arrangement of apertural dentition. However, many shell characters are highly conserved or occur recurrently, making some species and genera difficult to separate. The reproductive organs of streptaxids can also be taxonomically significant.

Taxonomy

Prior to Schileyko's revision in 2000 only two subfamilies, the Streptaxinae and the Enneinae had been recognized, which were primarily based on their shell morphology.

2005 taxonomy

Only the one family, Streptaxidae, was recognized within the Streptaxoidea in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).

There are 7 subfamilies in the family Streptaxidae according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, that follows Schileyko (2000):

  • Enneinae <small>Bourguignat, 1883</small> - synonym: Streptostelidae Bourguignat, 1889
  • Gulellinae <small>Rowson, 2024</small>
  • Marconiinae <small>Schileyko, 2000</small>
  • Odontartemoninae <small>Schileyko, 2000</small>
  • Orthogibbinae <small>Germain, 1921</small> - synonyms: Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936; Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936
  • Primigulellinae <small>Rowson, 2024</small>
  • Streptaxinae Gray, 1860 - synonym: Artemonidae Bourguignat, 1889
Synonyms:
  • Ptychotrematinae <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small>: synonym of Enneinae <small>Bourguignat, 1883</small>

2010 taxonomy

Sutcharit et al. (2010) have established a new family Diapheridae within Streptaxoidea and they have added two genera Diaphera and Sinoennea into Diapheridae.

The later review "A review of the Diapheridae" in 2020 by Páll-Gergely, B., Hunyadi, A., Grego, J., Sajan, S., Tripathy, B. & Chen, Z.-Y. showed the family Diapheridae to stand separate from Streptaxidae.

In the recent decades, most of the taxonomic and systematic research on streptaxids has been performed on sub-Saharan African taxa. Only a few publications focus on South American or Asian groups.

Genera

Genera in the family Streptaxidae include:

Enneinae

Gulellinae

Marconiinae

  • Gonaxis <small>J. W. Taylor, 1877</small>

Odontartemoninae

Orthogibbinae

Primigulellinae

Streptaxinae

Unsorted to subfamily

Notes:
  • Scolodonta <small>Doering, 187</small>5 used to be classified within Streptaxinae, but Scolodonta is the type genus of the family Scolodontidae.

Synonyms

  • Subfamily Gibbinae <small>Steenberg, 1936</small>: synonym of Orthogibbinae <small>Germain, 1921</small>
  • Subfamily Gonidominae <small>Steenberg, 1936</small>: synonym of Orthogibbinae <small>Germain, 1921</small>
  • Subfamily Ptychotrematinae <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small>: synonym of Enneinae <small>Bourguignat, 1883</small>
  • Aberdaria <small>Blume, 1965</small>: synonym of Primigulella <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small> (junior synonym)
  • Acanthenna: synonym of Acanthennea <small>E. von Martens, 1898</small> (misspelling)
  • Adjua <small>Chaper, 1885</small>: synonym of Ptychotrema (Adjua) <small>Chaper, 1885</small> represented as Ptychotrema <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1853</small> (original rank)
  • Alcidia <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small>: synonym of Streptaxis <small>Gray, 1837</small>
  • Artemon <small>H. Beck, 1837</small>: synonym of Streptaxis <small>Gray, 1837</small>
  • Campylaxis <small>Ancey, 1888</small>: synonym of Streptostele <small>Dohrn, 1866</small>
  • Carychiopsis <small>E. von Martens, 1895</small>: synonym of Ennea <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855</small>: synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855</small> represented as Ptychotrema <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1853</small>
  • Colpanostoma <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small>: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small> represented as Tayloria <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small> (junior synonym)
  • Conogulella <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small>: synonym of Gulella (Conogulella) <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small> represented as Gulella <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1856</small>
  • Ennea <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855</small> - type genus of the subfamily : synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855</small> represented as Ptychotrema <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1853</small>
  • Enneastrum <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1856</small>: synonym of Ennea <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855</small>: synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855</small> represented as Ptychotrema <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1853</small>
  • Eustreptaxis <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1878</small>: synonym of Streptaxis <big>Gray, 1837</big> (objective junior synonym)
  • Eustreptostele <small>Germain, 1915</small>: synonym of Streptostele (Tomostele) <small>Ancey, 1885</small>: synonym of Tomostele <small>Ancey, 1885</small>
  • Gibbonsia <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small>: synonym of Gigantaxis <small>Tomlin, 1930</small>: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small> represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890 (junior primary homonym of Gibbonsia <small>Cooper, 1864</small>)
  • Gibbulina <small>Beck, 1837</small>: synonym of Gibbus <small>Montfort, 1810</small> (invalid; unnecessary replacement name for Gibbus Monfort, 1810)
  • Gigantaxis <small>Tomlin, 1930</small>: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small> represented as Tayloria <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small>
  • Haplonepion <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small>: synonym of Ptychotrema (Haplonepion) <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small> represented as Ptychotrema <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1853</small>
  • Huttonella <small>Pfeiffer, 1855</small>: synonym of Gulella (Huttonella) <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1856</small> represented as Gulella <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1856</small>
  • Idolum <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1856</small>: synonym of Gonidomus <small>Swainson, 1840</small> (junior synonym)
  • Indoennea <small>Kobelt, 1904</small>: synonym of Sinoennea <small>Kobelt, 1904</small> (junior synonym)
  • Ischnostele <small>C. R. Boettger, 191</small>5: synonym of Streptostele (Raffraya) <small>Bourguignat, 1883</small> represented as Streptostele <small>Dohrn, 1866</small>
  • Luntia <small>E.A. Smith, 1898</small>: synonym of Streptostele (Tomostele) <small>Ancey, 1885</small>: synonym of Tomostele <small>Ancey, 1885</small> (junior synonym)
  • Marconia <small>Bourguignat, 1889</small> - type genus of the subfamily: synonym of Gonaxis <small>J. W. Taylor, 1877</small> (junior synonym)
  • Macrogonaxis <small>Bequaert & Clench, 1936</small>: synonym of Tayloria (Macrogonaxis) <small>Thiele, 1932</small> represented as Tayloria <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small>
  • Marconia <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small>: synonym of Gonaxis <small>J. W. Taylor, 1877</small> (junior synonym)
  • Maurennea: synonym of Gulella (Maurennea) <small>Schileyko, 2000</small> represented as Gulella <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1856</small>
  • Nevillia <small>E. von Martens, 1880</small>: synonym of Microstrophia <small>Möllendorff, 1887</small> (junior homonym of Nevillia <small>H. Adams, 1868</small>)
  • † Oppenheimiella <small>Pfeffer, 1930</small> : synonym of † Pfefferiola <small>Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2021</small> (Invalid: junior homonym of Oppenheimiella <small>Meunier, 1893</small> [Diptera]; Pfefferiola is a replacement name)
  • Orthogibbus <small>Germain, 1919</small>: synonym of Gonospira <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
  • Parennea <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small>: synonym of Ptychotrema (Parennea) <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small> represented as Ptychotrema <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1853</small>
  • Pseudartemon <small>J. Mabille, 1887</small>: synonym of Haploptychius <small>Kobelt, 1905</small>
  • Raffraya <small>Bourguignat, 1883</small>: synonym of Streptostele (Raffraya) <small>Bourguignat, 1883</small> represented as Streptostele <small>Dohrn, 1866</small>
  • Sinistrexcisa d<small>e Winter, Gómez & Prieto, 1999</small>: synonym of Ptychotrema <small>L. Pfeiffer, 1853</small>
  • Somalitayloria <small>Verdcourt, 1962</small>: synonym of Tayloria (Somalitayloria) <small>Verdcourt, 1962</small> represented as Tayloria <small>Bourguignat, 1890</small>
  • Stenomarconia <small>Germain, 1934</small>: synonym of Gonaxis (Stenomarconia) <small>Germain, 1934</small> represented as Gonaxis <small>J. W. Taylor, 1877</small>
  • Thaumatogulella <small>F. Haas, 1951</small>: synonym of Mirellia <small>Thiele, 1933</small>
  • Varicostele <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small>: synonym of Streptostele (Varicostele) <small>Pilsbry, 1919</small> represented as Streptostele <small>Dohrn, 1866</small>
  • Webbia <small>Odhner, 1932</small>: synonym of Gibbulinella <small>Wenz, 1920</small>

See also

References

This article includes CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference and CC-BY-4.0 from the reference

Further reading

External links