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Vexillum (gastropod)

Vexillum is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Costellariidae.

This genus is not monophyletic. The genus Vexillum contains about 80% of costellariid diversity. It is considered a "dumping ground" for an array of unrelated forms.

Description

The shell is elongated, turreted, longitudinally ribbed or plicate. The spire is acuminated. The aperture is narrow. The columella shows numerous plaits. The outer lip is internally striated.

Vexillum species produce complex venoms dominated by highly diversified short cysteine-rich peptides, vexitoxins, related to conotoxins.

Distribution

This genus is cosmopolitan and occurs in tropical and temperate seas, but primarily in shallow waters (but also at bathyal depths) of the tropical Indo-Pacific.

Species

Species within the genus Vexillum include:

Taxa inquirenda

  • Vexillum lanceolatum <small>(Hervier, 1897)</small> (possible synonym of V. costatum)
  • Vexillum thaanumi <small>Pilsbry, 1921</small>
  • Vexillum tomlini <small>(Melvill, 1925)</small>
  • Mitra (Turricula) rufofilosa <small>E. A. Smith, 1876</small>
  • † Vexillum (Uromitra) holmesii <small>(Dall, 1890)</small>
  • Mitra (Pusia) elizae <small>Melvill, 1899</small>
  • Mitra nigrofasciata <small>G. B. Sowerby II, 1874</small>

Synonyms

  • Vexillum albatum <small>Cernohorsky, 1988</small>: synonym of Vexillum castum <small>(H. Adams, 1872)</small>: synonym of Pilgrivexillum castum <small>(H. Adams, 1872)</small>
  • Vexillum altisuturatum <small>Chino & Herrmann, 2014</small>: synonym of Pilgrivexillum altisuturatum <small>(Chino & Herrmann, 2014)</small>
  • Vexillum anabelae <small>(F. Fernandes, 1992)</small>: synonym of Pusia anabelae <small>F. Fernandes, 1992</small>
  • Vexillum andreiae <small>Gori & Salisbury, 2024</small>: synonym of Pacifilux andreiae <small>(Gori & R. Salisbury, 2024)</small>
  • Vexillum apicinctum <small>(Verco, 1896)</small>: synonym of Turriplicifer apicitinctus <small>(Verco, 1896)</small>
  • Vexillum arestum <small>(Rehder, 1943)</small>: synonym of Pusia articulata <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • [Vexillum articulatum <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Pusia articulata <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum australe <small>(Swainson, 1820)</small>: synonym of Turriplicifer australis <small>(Swainson, 1820)</small>
  • Vexillum baccheti <small>R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012</small>: synonym of Eupusia baccheti <small>(R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012)</small>
  • Vexillum balutense <small>Herrmann, 2009</small>: synonym of Pusia balutensis <small>(Herrmann, 2009)</small> (basionym)
  • Vexillum bilineatum <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Protoelongata bilineata <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum blanfordi <small>(Melvill & Standen, 1901)</small>: synonym of Volutomitra blanfordi <small>(Melvill & Standen, 1901)</small>
  • Vexillum castum <small>(H. Adams, 1872)</small>: synonym of Pilgrivexillum castum <small>(H. Adams, 1872)</small>
  • Vexillum catenatum <small>(Broderip, 1836)</small>: synonym of Canaripusia catenata <small>(Broderip, 1836)</small>
  • Vexillum choslenae <small>Cernohorsky, 1982</small>: synonym of Pusia choslenae <small>(Cernohorsky, 1982)</small>
  • Vexillum cinerium [sic]: synonym of Vexillum leucozonias <small>(Deshayes, 1833)</small>
  • Vexillum clarum <small>S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020</small>: synonym of Eupusia clara <small>(S.-I Huang & M. H. Lin, 2020)</small>
  • Vexillum cophinum <small>(Gould, 1850)</small>: synonym of Vexillum sculptile <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum cordierii <small>C. Maravigna, 1840</small> : synonym of Pusia ebenus <small>(J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum costellata <small>J.B.G.M. Bory De Saint-Vincent, 1827</small> : synonym of Vexillum subdivisum costellaris <small>(J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1822</small>
  • Vexillum crassum <small>(Simone, 1995)</small>: synonym of Nodicostellaria crassa <small>(Simone, 1995)</small>
  • Vexillum cophinum <small>A.A. Gould, 1850</small> : synonym of Vexillum sculptile (<small>L.A. Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum corallinum <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Protoelongata corallina <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum cordierii <small>C. Maravigna, 1840</small> : synonym of Pusia ebenus <small>(J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum crebriliratum <small>L.A. Reeve, 1844</small>: synonym of Vexillum acuminatum <small>(J.F. Gmelin, 1791)</small>
  • Vexillum crispata <small>H.C. Koster, 1840</small>: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula <small>C. Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Vexillum cruentatum <small>J.F. Gmelin, 1791</small>: synonym of Vexillum virgo <small>(C. Linnaeus, 1767)</small>
  • Vexillum cruzana <small>G.W. Nowell-Usticke, 1959</small> : synonym of Pusia cubana <small>(Aguayo & Rehder, 1936)</small>
  • Vexillum cubanum <small>Aguayo & Rehder, 1936</small>: synonym of Pusia cubana <small>(Aguayo & Rehder, 1936)</small>
  • † Vexillum cupressinum <small>(Brocchi 1814)</small>: synonym of † Tosapusia cupressina <small>(Brocchi, 1814)</small>
  • Vexillum dautzenbergi <small>Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006</small>: synonym of Pusia dautzenbergi <small>(Poppe, E. Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006)</small>
  • Vexillum decipiens <small>P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923</small>: synonym of Vexillum hervieri <small>(P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923)</small>
  • Vexillum diamesa <small>R.P.J. Hervier, 1897</small> : synonym of Vexillum corbicula <small>(G.B. II Sowerby, 1870)</small>
  • Vexillum duplex <small>Cernohorsky, 1982</small>: synonym of Tosapusia duplex <small>(Cernohorsky, 1982)</small>
  • Vexillum ebenus <small>(Lamarck, 1811)</small>: synonym of Pusia ebenus <small>(Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum elegans <small>J.H.F. Link, 1807</small>: synonym of Vexillum citrinum <small>(J.F. Gmelin, 1791)</small>
  • Vexillum elegantula <small>H.C. Köster, 1839</small>: synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum elima <small>C.N. Cate, 1963 ex Dall MS</small>: synonym of Vexillum micra <small>H</small>.A. Pilsbry, 1921
  • Vexillum elliscrossi <small>Rosenberg & Salisbury, 1991</small>: synonym of Pusia elliscrossi <small>(Rosenberg & R. Salisbury, 1991)</small>
  • Vexillum emiliae <small>(Schmeltz, 1874)</small>: synonym of Eupusia emiliae <small>(Schmeltz, 1874)</small>
  • Vexillum epiphaneum <small>(Rehder, 1943)</small>: synonym of Pusia epiphanea <small>Rehder, 1943</small>
  • Vexillum evelynae <small>Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007</small>: synonym of Tosapusia evelyniana <small>(S.-I. Huang, 2017)</small>
  • Vexillum exiguum <small>(C. B. Adams, 1845)</small>: synonym of Atlantilux exigua <small>(C. B. Adams, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum fasciata <small>W.H. Dall, 1905</small>: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum <small>(J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum fidis <small>G.B. III Sowerby, 1916</small>: synonym of Vexillum patulum <small>(L.A. Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum filiareginae <small>(J. Cate, 1961)</small>: synonym of Vexillum coloscopulus <small>J. M. Cate, 1961</small>
  • Vexillum fulvosulcatum <small>(Melvill, 1888)</small>: synonym of Vexillum infaustum <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • † Vexillum fusellinum <small>(Lamarck, 1803)</small>: synonym of † Conomitra fusellina <small>(Lamarck, 1803)</small>
  • Vexillum gemmatum <small>(Sowerby II, 1874)</small>: synonym of Atlantilux gemmata <small>(G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)</small>
  • Vexillum geoffreyanum <small>(J.C. Melvill, 1910)</small>: synonym of Volutomitra geoffreyana <small>(Melvill, 1910)</small>
  • Vexillum geronimae <small>Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009</small>: synonym of Eupusia geronimae <small>(Poppe, Tagaro & R. Salisbury, 2009)</small>
  • Vexillum gervilli <small>B.C.M. Payraudeau, 1827</small>: synonym of Pusia ebenus <small>(J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum glandiformis <small>L.A. Reeve, 1845</small>: synonym of Vexillum oniscinum <small>(J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum gloriosum <small>Noodt, 1819</small>: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum <small>(Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum granum <small>(Forbes, 1844)</small>: synonym of Pusia granum <small>(Forbes, 1844)</small>
  • Vexillum hadfieldi <small>(Melvill & Standen, 1895)</small>: synonym of Vexillum exasperatum <small>(Gmelin, 1791)</small>
  • Vexillum haifensis <small>F. Nordsieck, 198</small>: synonym of Pusia hypatiae <small>(P.M. Pallary, 1912)</small>
  • Vexillum hanleyi <small>(Dohrn, 1861)</small>: synonym of Atlantilux exigua <small>(C. B. Adams, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum hansenae <small>Cernohorsky, 1973</small>: synonym of Pusia hansenae <small>(Cernohorsky, 1973)</small>
  • Vexillum harpiferum <small>J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811</small>: synonym of Vexillum virgo <small>(C. Linnaeus, 1767)</small>
  • Vexillum heleneae <small>Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014</small>: synonym of Protoelongata heleneae <small>(Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014)</small> (original combination)
  • Vexillum hedleyi <small>R. Murdoch, 1905</small> : synonym of Peculator hedleyi <small>(R. Murdoch, 1905)</small>
  • Vexillum hendersoni <small>(Dall, 1927)</small>: synonym of Pusia hendersoni <small>(Dall, 1927)</small>
  • Vexillum hirasei <small>(Kira, 1962)</small>: synonym of Vexillum japonicum <small>A. Adams, 1864</small>
  • Vexillum histrio <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>: synonym of Pusia histrio <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>
  • Vexillum hypatiae <small>(Pallary, 1913)</small>: synonym of Pusia hypatiae <small>(P.M. Pallary, 1912)</small>
  • Vexillum inerme <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Eupusia inermis <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum isaoi <small>(Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)</small>: synonym of Tosapusia isaoi <small>(Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)</small>
  • Vexillum joliveti <small>Poppe & Tagaro, 2006</small>: synonym of Costapex joliveti <small>(Poppe & Tagaro, 2006)</small> (basionym)
  • Vexillum kaicherae <small>(Petuch, 1979)</small>: synonym of Nodicostellaria kaicherae <small>(Petuch, 1979)</small>
  • Vexillum klytios <small>Turner, 2008</small>: synonym of Eupusia klytios <small>(H. Turner, 2008)</small>
  • Vexillum kremerae <small>(Petuch, 1987)</small>: synonym of Nodicostellaria kremerae <small>Petuch, 1987</small>
  • Vexillum kurodai <small>(Sakurai & Habe, 1964)</small>: synonym of Tosapusia isaoi <small>(Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)</small>
  • Vexillum lanulentum <small>S.-I. Huang, 2017</small>: synonym of Eupusia lanulenta <small>(S.-I Huang, 2017)</small>
  • Vexillum lautum <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Pusia lauta <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum leonardhilli <small>(Petuch, 1987)</small>: synonym of Turricostellaria leonardhilli <small>Petuch, 1987</small>
  • Vexillum laterculatum <small>(Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874)</small>: synonym of Nodicostellaria laterculata <small>(G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)</small>
  • Vexillum leucaspis <small>Herrmann & Stossier, 2011</small>: synonym of Ebenomitra leucaspis <small>(Herrmann & Stossier, 2011)</small>
  • † Vexillum leucozona <small>(Andrzejowski, 1830)</small>: synonym of † Ebenomitra leucozona <small>(Andrzejowski, 1830)</small>
  • Vexillum lindae <small>(Petuch, 1987)</small>: synonym of Turricostellaria lindae <small>Petuch, 1987</small>
  • Vexillum loyaltyense <small>(Hervier, 1897)</small>: synonym of Protoelongata loyaltyensis <small>(Hervier, 1897)</small>
  • Vexillum lubens <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Vexillum modestum <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum macrospirum <small>(A. Adams, 1853)</small>: synonym of Vexillum macrospira <small>(A. Adams, 1853)</small> (misspelling)
  • Vexillum marrowi <small>Cernohorsky, 1973</small>: synonym of Pusia marrowi <small>(Cernohorsky, 1973)</small> (original combination)
  • † Vexillum martini <small>(Icke & K. Martin, 1907)</small>: synonym of † Vexillum dahanaensis <small>(Vlerk, 1931)</small>
  • Vexillum martinorum <small>Cernohorsky, 1986</small>: synonym of Costapex martinorum <small>(Cernohorsky, 1986)</small>
  • Vexillum marrowi <small>Cernohorsky, 1973</small>: synonym of Thaluta maxmarrowi <small>(Cernohorsky, 1980)</small>
  • Vexillum microzonias <small>(Lamarck, 1811)</small>: synonym of Pusia microzonias <small>(Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum militaris <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Vexillum militare <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small> (incorrect gender ending)
  • Vexillum moniliferum <small>(C. B. Adams, 1850)</small>: synonym of Pusia monilifera <small>(C. B. Adams, 1850)</small>
  • Vexillum nigritella <small>(Bartsch, 1918)</small>: synonym of Vexillum exaratum <small>(A. Adams, 1853)</small> (synonym)
  • Vexillum nitidissimum <small>(Melvill & Standen, 1895)</small>: synonym of Ponderiola nitidissima <small>(Melvill & Standen, 1895)</small>
  • Vexillum nodospiculum <small>(Cernohorsky, 1970)</small>: synonym of Atlantilux nodospicula <small>(Cernohorsky, 1970)</small>
  • Vexillum osiridis <small>(Issel, 1869)</small>: synonym of Orphanopusia osiridis <small>(Issel, 1869)</small>
  • Vexillum pailoloanum <small>J. M. Cate, 1963</small> : synonym of Volutomitra pailoloana <small>(J. M. Cate, 1963)</small>
  • Vexillum pardale <small>(Küster, 1840)</small>: synonym of Eupusia pardalis <small>(Küster, 1840)</small>
  • † Vexillum parki <small>R. S. Allan, 1926</small> : synonym of † Proximitra parki <small>(R. S. Allan, 1926)</small>
  • Vexillum patriarchalis <small>(Gmelin, 1791)</small>: synonym of Orphanopusia patriarchalis <small>(Gmelin, 1791)</small>
  • Vexillum pharaonis <small>(Issel, 1869)</small>: synonym of Vexillum cadaverosum <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>
  • † Vexillum plicatellum <small>P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923</small>: synonym of † Peculator plicatellus <small>(P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923)</small>
  • Vexillum plicatum <small>Röding, 1798</small>: synonym of Vexillum plicarium <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Vexillum politum <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>: synonym of Vexillum acuminatum <small>(Gmelin, 1791)</small>
  • Vexillum pratasense <small>T.C. Lan, 2004</small>: synonym of Tosapusia duplex <small>(Cernohorsky, 1982)</small>
  • Vexillum pseudomarginatum <small>Suter, 1913</small>: synonym of Austromitra rubiginosa <small>(F. W. Hutton, 1873)</small>
  • Vexillum puella <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Atlantilux puella <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum pulchellum <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>: synonym of Pusia pulchella <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>
  • Vexillum pullatum <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>: synonym of Vexillum plicarium <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Vexillum pumilio <small>May, 1916</small>: synonym of Austromitra schomburgki <small>(Angas, 1878)</small>
  • Vexillum puncturatum <small>(Sowerby III, 1879)</small>: synonym of Vexillum zebuense <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>
  • Vexillum rectilateralis <small>(G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)</small>: synonym of Vexillum suluense (<small>A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)</small>
  • Vexillum rhodarion <small>Kilburn, 1972</small>(original combination): synonym of Austromitra rhodarion <small>(Kilburn, 1972)</small>
  • Vexillum rhodochroa <small>(Hervier, 1897)</small>: synonym of Atlantilux rubra <small>(Broderip, 1836)</small>
  • Vexillum ronnyi <small>Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009</small>: synonym of Costapex ronnyi <small>(Poppe, Tagaro & R. Salisbury, 2009)</small>
  • Vexillum roris <small>S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020</small>: synonym of Eupusia roris <small>(S.-I Huang & M. H. Lin, 2020)</small>
  • Vexillum rubrotaeniatum <small>Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014</small> (original combination): synonym of Protoelongata rubrotaeniata <small>(Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014)</small>
  • Vexillum rubrum <small>(Broderip, 1836)</small>: synonym of Atlantilux rubra <small>(Broderip, 1836)</small>
  • Vexillum rufobalteatum <small>(Hervier, 1897)</small>: synonym of Vexillum turriger <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • † Vexillum rutidolomum <small>Suter, 1917</small>: synonym of † Proximitra rutidoloma <small>(Suter, 1917)</small>
  • Vexillum sagamiense <small>(Kuroda & Habe, 1971)</small>: synonym of Vexillum castum <small>(H. Adams, 1872)</small>
  • Vexillum sanguisugum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum sanguisuga <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Vexillum sauternesense <small>Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997</small>: synonym of Tosapusia sauternesensis <small>(E. Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997)</small>
  • Vexillum savignyi <small>(Payraudeau, 1826)</small>: synonym of Pusia savignyi <small>(Payraudeau, 1826)</small>
  • Vexillum semicostatum <small>(Anton, 1838)</small>: synonym of Eupusia semicostata <small>(Anton, 1838)</small>
  • Vexillum stephanucha <small>(Melvill, 1897)</small>: synonym of Vexillum stephanuchum <small>(Melvill, 1897)</small> (incorrect gender ending)
  • Vexillum strictecostatum <small>(von Maltzan, 1884)</small>: synonym of Ebenomitra strictecostata <small>(Maltzan, 1884)</small>
  • Vexillum styria <small>(Dall, 1889)</small>: synonym of Caribbonus styria <small>(Dall, 1889)</small>
  • Vexillum suave <small>(Sowerby, 1875)</small>: synonym of Vexillum exquisitum <small>(Garrett, 1873)</small>
  • Vexillum superbum <small>Röding, 1798</small>: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> (junior subjective synonym)
  • † Vexillum suteri <small>Finlay, 1924</small>: synonym of † Proximitra enysi <small>(Hutton, 1873)</small>
  • Vexillum takisaoi [sic]: synonym of Neocancilla takiisaoi <small>(Kuroda, 1959)</small> (misspelling)
  • Vexillum tricolor <small>(Gmelin, 1791)</small>: synonym of Pusia tricolor <small>(Gmelin, 1791)</small>
  • Vexillum trophonium <small>(Dall, 1889)</small>: synonym of Pusia trophonia <small>(Dall, 1889)</small>
  • Vexillum tuberosum <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum turrigerum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum turriger <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum variatum <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Pusia variata <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Vexillum venustum <small>(Sarasúa, 1978)</small>: synonym of Vexillum pulchellum <small>(Reeve, 1844)</small>
  • Vexillum vicmanoui <small>Turner & Marrow, 2001</small>: synonym of Pusia vicmanoui <small>(H. Turner & Marrow, 2001)</small>
  • Vexillum virginalis <small>(Lesson, 1842)</small>: synonym of Vexillum virginale <small>(Lesson, 1842)</small>
  • Vexillum vittatum <small>(Swainson, 1821)</small>: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum <small>(Lamarck, 1811)</small>
  • Vexillum vulpeculum [sic]: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Vexillum waitei <small>Suter, 1909</small>: synonym of Egestas waitei <small>(Suter, 1909)</small>
  • Vexillum wandoense <small>(Holmes, 1859)</small>: synonym of Caribbonus wandoensis <small>(F. S. Holmes, 1860)</small>
  • Vexillum weberi <small>(Bartsch, 1918)</small>: synonym of Vexillum rugosum <small>(Gmelin, 1791)</small>
  • Vexillum xerampelinum <small>(Melvill, 1895)</small>: synonym of Protoelongata xerampelina <small>(Melvill, 1895)</small>
  • Vexillum zebrinum <small>(d'Orbigny in Webb & Berthelot, 1839)</small>: synonym of Pusia zebrina <small>(d'Orbigny, 1840)</small>
  • Vexillum zythochroa <small>(Melvill, 1888)</small>: synonym of Vexillum catenatum <small>(Broderip, 1836)</small>

References

  • Swainson, W. (1840). A treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish. London, Longman. viii
  • Turner H. (2001) Katalog der Familie Costellariidae Macdonald 1860 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Muricoidea). Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 100 pp.

External links