Wumen Huikai (; Wade-Giles: Wu-men Hui-k'ai; ) (1183âÂÂ1260) was a Chinese Chan (Japanese: Zen) master during ChinaâÂÂs Song period. He is most famous for having compiled and commentated the 48-koan collection The Gateless Barrier (Mandarin: ç¡éÂÂé WúménguÃÂn; Japanese: ç¡éÂÂé¢ Mumonkan).
Wumen was born in Hangzhou. His first master was Gong Heshang. Wumen received his spiritual education, also called Dharma transmission in Buddhist teaching, in the Linji line (Japanese: Rinzai) of Zen from Zen master Yuelin Shiguan (æÂÂæÂÂ師è§Â; Japanese: Gatsurin Shikan) (1143âÂÂ1217). Yuelin gave Wumen the koan, a spiritual question, of "ZhaozhouâÂÂs dog", with which Wumen struggled for six years before he attained realization. After Yuelin confirmed WumenâÂÂs understanding of it, Wumen wrote his enlightenment poem:
In many respects, Wumen was the classical eccentric Chan/Zen master. He wandered from temple to temple for many years, wore old and dirty robes, grew his hair and beard long and worked in the temple fields. He was nicknamed "Huikai the Lay Monk". Wumen compiled and commentated the 48-koan collection The Gateless Barrier when he was the head monk of Longxiang (Wade-Giles: Lung-hsiang; Japanese: Ryusho) monastery.
At age 64, he founded Huguo Renwang Temple (è·åÂÂä»ÂçÂÂ寺) temple near West Lake where he hoped to retire quietly, but visitors constantly came looking for instruction.
His teachings, as revealed in his comments in Gate of Emptiness, closely followed those of Dahui Zonggao (大栧å®Âæ²; Wade-Giles: Ta-hui Tsung-kao; Japanese: Daei Sà Âkà Â) (1089âÂÂ1163). The importance of "Great Doubt" was one of his central teaching devices. Wumen said, "...[understanding Zen is] just a matter of rousing the mass of doubt throughout your body, day and night, and never letting up." In his comment on Case 1, Zhaozhou's dog, he called wu (ç¡) "a red-hot iron ball which you have gulped down and which you try to vomit up, but cannot".
Wumen believed in blocking all avenues of escape for the student, hence the "gateless barrier". Whatever activity a student proposed, Wumen rejected: "If you follow regulations, keeping the rules, you tie yourself without rope, but if you act any which way without inhibition you're a heretical demon. ... Clear alertness is wearing chains and stocks. Thinking good and bad is hell and heaven. ... Neither progressing nor retreating, you're a dead man with breath. So tell me, ultimately how do you practice?"