Dahui Zonggao (1089–10 August 1163) (; WadeâÂÂGiles: Ta-hui Tsung-kao; Japanese: Daie Sà Âkà Â; Vietnamese: ÃÂại Huá» Tông Cảo) was a 12th-century Chinese Chan (Zen) master. Dahui was a student of Yuanwu Keqin (WadeâÂÂGiles: Yuan-wu K'o-ch'in; Japanese: Engo Kokugon) (1063âÂÂ1135) and was the 12th generation of the Linji school of Chan Buddhism. He was the dominant figure of the Linji school during the Song dynasty.
Dahui introduced the practice of kan huatou, or "inspecting the critical phrase," of a kà Âan story. This method was called the "Chan of gongan (kà Âan) introspection" (çÂÂ話禪 Kanhua Chan).
Dahui was a vigorous critic of what he called the "heretical Chan of silent illumination" (é»Âç §éª禪 Mozhao Xie Chan) of the Caodong school (WadeâÂÂGiles: Ts'ao-tung; Japanese: Sà Âtà Â).
Dahui was born in Xuancheng, Anhui, to the Xi (å¥Â) family. He left home at sixteen and became a Buddhist monk at seventeen. His initiatory name was Zong Gao. Following the tradition of the day, he wandered from Chan community to community, seeking instruction. He studied under a Caodong master and mastered the essentials of the Five Ranks in two years. He studied all the records of the Five Houses of Chan, being particularly drawn to the words of Yunmen Wenyan (é²éÂÂæÂÂå WadeâÂÂGiles: Yün-men Wên-yen Japanese: Ummon BunâÂÂen), 864âÂÂ949, founder of one of the "Five Houses" of Chan. He sought out instruction on the sayings of the old masters collected and commented on by Xuedou Chongxian (éªç«ÂéÂÂ顯WadeâÂÂGiles: Hsüeh-tou ChâÂÂung-hsien; Japanese: Setchà  Jà «ken) which became the basis for the koan collection, the Blue Cliff Record.
Dissatisfied with intellectual study, at the age of twenty-one he went to Treasure Peak, near the modern city of Nanchang in Jiangxi Province, to study with Zhantang Wenzhun (æ¹Âå ÂæÂÂ溠WadeâÂÂGiles: Chan-t'ang Wen-chun), a master of the Huang-long (é»Âé¾Â) branch of the Linji School. Although Dahui developed a great intellectual understanding of Chan, enlightenment eluded him. Recognizing his potential and great intellectual abilities, Zhantang Wenzhun (Zhan Tangzhun) made Dahui his personal attendant. One day Wenzhun asked Dahui,
Another time, when Dahui was twenty-six, Wenzhun called him over and said,
Dahui continued his studies with Yuanwu Keqin(Ã¥ÂÂæÂÂå Âå¤). On his way to Tianning Wanshou, a monastery in the old imperial city of Bian (modern Kaifeng), Dahui vowed to work with Yuanwu for nine years and if he did not achieve enlightenment, or, if Yuanwu turned out to be a false teacher, giving approval too easily, Dahui would give up and turn to writing scriptures or treatises.
Yuanwu gave Dahui YunmenâÂÂs saying, "East Mountain walks on the water" as a koan to work through. Dahui threw himself into the koan and struggled with it day and night, giving forty-nine answers to the koan, but all were rejected by his teacher. Finally, on May 13, 1125, he broke through. Later, he recalled the event:
As it turned out, Yuanwu did not give approval too easily. He said,
Yuanwu gave Dahui the koan, "To be and not to be â it is like a wisteria leaning on a tree" to work on and after six months, Dahui achieved the final breakthrough and was recognized by Yuanwu as a Dharma-heir in the Linji tradition.
Yuanwu assigned teaching duties to Dahui and DahuiâÂÂs fame spread far and wide. A high ranking government official, the Minister of the Right, Lu Shun, gave Dahui a purple robe and the honorific, "Fori", the Sun of the Dharma. The following year, 1126, the Jürchen Jin dynasty captured the Emperors Huizong and Qinzong; the capital was moved to the south and the Southern Song era began.
Dahui also moved south and taught both monks and laymen. It was at this time that he began his severe criticism of the "heretical Chan of silent illumination" of the Caodong school which he would continue for the rest of his life. He became a great favorite of the educated and literate classes as well as Chan monks and in 1137, at the age of forty-nine, Chancellor Zhang Jun (), a student of Dahui, appointed him abbot of Jingshan monastery in the new capital Lin-an (modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Within a few years his sangha grew to two thousand and among his lay followers were many high-ranking officials. Dahui became the acknowledged leader of Buddhism of the Southern Song dynasty.
However, disaster was about to befall him. Because of his association with a high official who fell out of favor with the prime minister, all DahuiâÂÂs imperial honors and his ordination certificate were stripped from him and he was sent in exile to Hengzhou (Hunan) in the year 1141. At the age of sixty-two he was transferred to present day Guangdong, a place notorious in those days for plagues and hostile elements. Some fifty of DahuiâÂÂs monks died there in a plague. Throughout these difficult years, Dahui continued teaching in the Linji tradition of Chan Buddhism, attracting both gentry and commoners. Finally, in 1155, Dahui was pardoned and was allowed to return to his former monastery at Jingshan where he continued his teaching until he died five years later on 10 August 1163. He wrote a final verse for his disciples, saying, "Without a verse, I couldnâÂÂt die."
Emperor Xiaozong of Song bestowed upon him the posthumous title "Chan Master of Great Wisdom," from which the name Dahui derives.
The enlightenment experience as the answer to the riddle of life and death, and the great doubt necessary to have the determination to break through, became central to DahuiâÂÂs teaching.
DahuiâÂÂs letters to lay people reveal a compassionate teacher, who believed that the enlightenment promised by the Buddha was available to all people, regardless of their daily activities. The best way to achieve this was through the use of gong-ans as a daily meditation device.
Gong-ans developed during the Tang dynasty (618âÂÂ907) from the recorded sayings collections of Chán-masters, which quoted many stories of "a famous past Chán figure's encounter with disciples or other interlocutors and then offering his own comment on it". Those stories and the accompanying comments were used to educate students, and broaden their insight into the Buddhist teachings.
Those stories came to be known as gongan, "public cases". Such a story was only considered a gongan when it was commented upon by another Chán-master. This practice of commenting on the words and deeds of past masters confirmed the master's position as awakened master in a lineage of awakened masters of the past.
Dahui saw this practice of commenting on gongans in his time as becoming a superficial literary study. In a radical move to counter this literary emphasis, he even ordered the suppression of his own teacherâÂÂs masterly collection of koans, The Blue Cliff Record (WadeâÂÂGiles: Pi Yen Lu; Pinyin: Bìyán Lù; Japanese: Hekiganroku), burning all copies and the wooden blocks to print them, effectively taking the venerated text out of circulation for the next two centuries.
Dahui introduced the use of k'an-hua, the concentration on the hua tou ("word head") of a gong-an to attain insight. Until his time, the developing gongan-tradition consisted mainly of commenting on "old cases", adding comments and poetry. This use of written comments and poetry shows the influence of Chinese literati culture, to which both state officials and most Buddhist higher clergy belonged.
Although there were hundreds of koans available, Dahui used only a few, believing that deep penetration of one or two koans would be enough to attain initial awakening or insight. To achieve this, one had to work assiduously and with great determination, like someone whose "head is on fire". It mattered little to Dahui whether a person was particularly intelligent or not â liberation was available to all. He wrote:
Dahui often used the famous mu-koan, "A monk asked Zhàozhà Âu, âÂÂDoes a dog have Buddha-nature or does it not have Buddha-nature?â Zhàozhà Âu replied, âÂÂwuâ (Chinese; Japanese: Mu), "no," "not" (which later became the 18th koan in the collection The Book of Equanimity published 61 years after his death in 1224 and then appearing again as the first koan in The Gateless Gate published 4 years later in 1228). Dahui taught that
According to Poceski, although Dahui's kanhua Chan purports to be a sudden method, it essentially consists of a process of gradually perfecting concentration. Poceski also observes the role the kanhua technique played in standardizing Chan practice. He argues that this contributed to the routinization of the tradition, resulting in a loss of some of the more open and creative aspects of earlier Chan.
The concept of âÂÂdoubtâ was very important in DahuiâÂÂs teaching. He warned his students that they must âÂÂdoubtâ words to not be fooled by them. Furthermore, they needed to âÂÂdoubtâ their very existence. He said,
His teachings on kanhua practice became the standard for the Linji school tradition of koan practice in China, Korea and Japan. Dahui exerted a strong influence on the Japanese Rinzai teacher Hakuin Ekaku, who also taught great doubt as necessary to awaken.
DahuiâÂÂs teachings contain relentless attacks on the practice of silent illumination, sitting in meditation in tranquility and quietness. He labeled teachers of this type of meditation practice as "heretical" and complained,
To his opinion this type of practice leads to drowsiness, blankness and intellectualization and conceptualization of Chan Buddhism rather than enlightenment. He thought that teachers who taught this method of meditation had "never awakened themselves, they donâÂÂt believe anyone has awakened." For Dahui, koans were the only way to enlightenment and without koans, one would "be like a blind man without a walking stick: unable to take even one step." But koans had to be penetrated fully, not intellectualized. It was this fear of superficiality and intellectualization of old koans that led him to destroy all copies of his own teacherâÂÂs masterpiece, the Blue Cliff Record, to save Chan and to authenticate proper koan practice.
Only one work can be attributed to Dahui, a collection of koans entitled Zhengfa Yanzang æ£æ³Âç¼è (The Storehouse of the True Dharma Eye, J. Shobogenzo)
Dahui also compiled the ChánlÃÂn BÃÂo Xùn (禪æÂÂ寶è¨Â, "Treasured Teachings of the Chan Monastic Tradition"), instructions of former Chan abbots about the virtues and ideals of monastic life, in collaboration with another monk, Dagui. A disciple of Dahui, Zuyong, compiled a collection of DahuiâÂÂs life and teaching called Dahui Bujue Chanshi Nianbu ("Chronological Biography of Chan Master Dahui"). The Zhiyue lu, compiled by Qu Ruji, also contains information on DahuiâÂÂs teachings and is the basis of the J. C. Cleary translation Swampland Flowers, of which the majority is a collection of letters Dahui wrote to his students.