Temür Qutlugh or Tëmà «r Qutluq (Kypchak: êàÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂêÃÂÃÂ; Turki and Persian: êÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂêÃÂú; 1370 â 1399) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1397 to 1399.
According to the detailed genealogies of the Muÿizz al-ansÃÂb and the TawÃÂrëḫ-i guzëdah-i nuá¹£rat-nÃÂmah, Tëmà «r Qutluq was the son of Tëmà «r Beg, the son of Qutluq Tëmà «r, the son of Nà «mqÃÂn, the son of AbÃÂy, the son of Kay-Timur, the son of Tuqa-Timur, the son of Jochi, the son of Chinggis Khan. Older scholarship and its derivatives, relying on the inaccurate information of Muÿën-ad-Dën Naá¹Âanzë (previously known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"), erroneously identified Tëmà «r Qutluq's father as Tëmà «r Malik, the son of Urus Khan. The confusion seems to have arisen from the similarity of names, given that the elements compounded with "Tëmà «r" in the personal names of these individuals are all princely titles (khan, malik, beg).
It is possible that Tëmà «r Qutluq's father, Tëmà «r Beg, had ruled briefly in 1368 (if identical with the numismatically attested à ªljÃÂy Tëmà «r), and that his grandfather, Qutluq Tëmà «r, had briefly contested the throne of Sarai with Mamai's protégé ÿAbdallÃÂh sometime earlier in the 1360s (if identical with a like-named khan mentioned only by Ibn Khaldun). Tëmà «r Qutluq was a member of the court of his distant cousin, Tokhtamysh Khan, and supposedly desired to seize the throne. Tokhtamysh discovered Tëmà «r Qutluq's designs and intended to kill him, but Tëmà «r Qutluq fled to Timur (Tamerlane). This happened before 1388, when Tëmà «r Qutluq participated in the Timurid invasion of Tokhtamysh's Khwarazm; Tëmà «r Qutluq was one of the four captains of the Timurid vanguard. In 1391, Tëmà «r Qutluq again participated in a Timurid campaign against Tokhtamysh and the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the Timurid return home, Tëmà «r Qutluq and his mother's brother Edigu remained behind in the Golden Horde, ostensibly to recruit additional troops for the Timurid army.
Instead of returning to Timur (Tamerlane), however, Tëmà «r Qutluq and Edigu sought to take over the Golden Horde for themselves, with Tëmà «r Qutluq as khan and Edigu (a non-Jochid) as chief emir (beglerbeg). The ongoing war between Tokhtamysh and Timur (Tamerlane) allowed them to achieve this goal. The date of Tëmà «r Qutluq's proclamation as khan is somewhat unclear, but may be as early as 1391. While they coordinated with each other, at times they divided their forces in pursuit of different objectives, demonstrating that Tëmà «r Qutluq was more than a mere puppet of his uncle Edigu. Edigu appears to have come to terms with Tokhtamysh, finding a modus vivendi that left the territory west of the Volga to Tokhtamysh, and that east of the river to Edigu and Tëmà «r Qutluq. By 1396, after another Timurid invasion of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh, had fled to Lithuania, Tëmà «r Qutluq reigned in the east with (old) Astrakhan and Saray-Jük, and the Timurid protégé Quyurchuq, a son of Urus Khan, reigned at the traditional capital Sarai. Tëmà «r Qutluq and Edigu expelled Quyurchuq and took over Sarai in 1396 or 1397. Now Tëmà «r Qutluq had the additional prestige of possessing the traditional capital, Sarai, although the city was devastated by the Timurid invasion.
Although Tëmà «r Qutluq had ostensibly triumphed, Tokhtamysh regrouped and invaded from Lithuania. In 1397, he besieged Genoese Kaffa in the Crimea, and in 1398 he recovered possession of Sarai in Edigu's absence, gleefully advertising his apparent success through his emissaries. However, he was quickly defeated by Tëmà «r Qutluq and Edigu, and fled once more to Lithuania. Tëmà «r Qutluq and Edigu now re-established their control over the southwest, besieging Kaffa in their turn, and receiving the submission of the local population. When Tëmà «r Qutluq demanded that the Lithuanian Grand Prince Vytautas extradite Tokhtamysh, he received an ominous refusal: "I will not give up Tsar Tokhtamysh, but wish to meet Tsar Temir-Kutlu in person." In the summer of 1399, Vytautas and Tokhtamysh set out to invade the Golden Horde with a large army. On the Vorskla River they encountered the forces of Tëmà «r Qutluq, who opened negotiations, intending to delay the engagement until Edigu could arrive with sizable reinforcements. In the process, Tëmà «r Qutluq pretended to agree to submit to Vytautas and pay him annual tribute, but requested a three-day delay to consider Vytautas' further demands. This was sufficient for Edigu to arrive with his reinforcements. Edigu could not resist the temptation to bandy words with the Lithuanian ruler himself, and arranged a meeting, separated by the course of the river. Edigu declared that he approved of his khan's concessions, given that Vytautas was more aged than him, but that since Edigu was older than Vytautas, he was owed Vytautas' submission and annual tribute. Negotiations having proven pointless, the two forces engaged in the Battle of the Vorskla River on 12 August 1399. Using a feigned retreat tactic, Tëmà «r Qutluq and Edigu were able to envelop the forces of Vytautas and Tokhtamysh, inflicting a serious defeat on them. Tokhtamysh fled the battlefield and made his way east to Sibir; Vytautas survived the battle, although two of his cousins fell in the fight. With the enemy in retreat, Tëmà «r Qutluq and Edigu ravaged the country far and wide as far as Lutsk, receiving ransoms from the fortified towns, most notably Tëmà «r Qutluq extorted 3000 rubles from Kiev. Shortly after contributing to this victory, Tëmà «r Qutluq died, allegedly of drunkenness, in late 1399 or possibly 1400.
According to the TawÃÂrëḫ-i guzëdah-i nuá¹£rat-nÃÂmah (the Muÿizz al-ansÃÂb accidentally misplaces the genealogical connections), Tëmà «r Qutluq had four sons and two daughters.