The Southern Loloish or Southern Ngwi languages, also known as the Hanoish or Hanish languages, constitute a branch of the Loloish languages that includes Akha and Hani.
Languages
The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are:
Hanoid in Lama (2012) is alternatively called Akoid in Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group.
Other Southern Loloish languages are:
- Muda
- Paza (Phusang), a recently discovered language of northern Laos related to Sila
- Bana or Bala in Laos. Speakers are included in the Kaw (Akha) ethnic group. The language is now being replaced by other larger languages such as Akha and Lahu.
- Suobi æ¢Âæ¯Â, spoken in Yinyuan Township å è¿ÂéÂÂ, Yuanjiang County
- Nuobi 糯æ¯Â, closely related to Suobi
- Cosao, a Southern Loloish language closely related to Khir
- Yiche å¥Â车, spoken in Honghe County
Kato (2008) also documents:
Other Southern Loloish language varieties in south-central Yunnan include Bukong å¸ÂÃ¥ÂÂ, Budu å¸Âé½, Asuo é¿æ¢Â, Duota å Âå¡Â, Amu é¿æ¨, Lami èÂ
Âç±³, Qiedi Ã¥ÂÂå¼Â, Kabie å¡å«, Woni çªÂå°¼, Duoni å¤Âå°¼, and Habei Ã¥ÂÂå¤Â. Habei is unclassified within Southern Loloish.
Hsiu (2016, 2018)
A 2016 computational phylogenetic lexical analysis by Hsiu (2016) distinguished the following five branches of Southern Loloish, providing further support for the Hanoid (Akoid) and Bisoid branches in Lama (2012) and Bradley (2007). A new Siloid branch was added.
- Hanoid
- Bisoid
- Siloid
- Bi-Ka (?)
- Jinuo
The Southern Loloish tree above was subsequently revised by Hsiu (2018) as follows, with 6 subgroups included.
- Southern Loloish
- Hani-Akha
- Hanoid: Hani, Nuomei, Nuobi, Lami, Luomian, Angluo, Guohe, Guozuo, Gehuo, Yiche, Qidi, Kabie, Haoni cluster (Haoni, Woni, Baihong, Bukong, Budu, Suobi, Duoni, Duota, Asuo, Amu)
- Akoid: Nukui, Phuso, Puli, Chepya, Eupa, Nyau, Oma, Chicho, Ulo, Muteun, Muda, etc.
- Bi-Ka
- Biyue, Enu
- Kaduo
- Siloid
- Luma, Pala
- Akeu, Gokhy
- Wanyä (Muchi)
- Sila cluster: Sila, Sida, Paza (Phusang), Khir, Cosao, Phana
- Bisoid
- Bisu cluster: Bisu, Laomian, Laopin, Pyen, Laopan
- Singsali cluster: Phunoi, Singsali, Cantan, Laoseng, Phongku, Phongset, Phunyot
- Coong cluster: Cá»Âông, Sangkong, Tsukong
- Cauho
- Bantang
- Khongsat
- Habei (Mani)
- Mpi
- Jino
Hsiu (2018) considers the Hani-Akha and Bi-Ka subgroups to be part of a northern linkage in south-central Yunnan, while the Siloid, Bisoid, Jino, and Mpi subgroups are part of a southern linkage in the China-Laos border region.
Innovations
Lama (2012) lists the following changes from Proto-Loloish as Hanoish innovations.
- *m- â zero /__[u] (Hani and Haoni)
- *kh- > x- (Hani and Haoni)
- *N- > NC or C (nasal hardening rule in Bisu and Sangkong)
- Reversed order of syllables (family-wide)
References
- Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
- KingsadÃÂ, ThÃ
ÂÃÂngphet, and Tadahiko Shintani. 1999 Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Shintani, Tadahiko, Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001. Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Kato, Takashi. 2008. Linguistic Survey of Tibeto-Burman languages in Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).