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Siphonaria

Siphonaria is a genus of air-breathing sea snails in the family Siphonariidae (false limpets). They are globally distributed living in temperate to tropical benthic intertidal zones making up a significant component of invertebrate fauna in those regions. There are many species (over ~100) within this genus although the exact amount is unknown due to their large variety in shell morphology.

Distribution

This genus occurs worldwide in most tropical and temperate seas.

China

The coast of China has many species such as Siphonaria atra, Siphonaria floslamellosa, Siphonaria japonica, Siphonaria petasus and Siphonaria sirius.

Korean Peninsula

Siphonaria acmaeoides is known to inhabit the coast of the Korean Peninsula. Many species in the coastal regions of China can also be found here suck as S. japonica and S. sirius. Some species have questionably reported to live in this region given their documented geographic distribution such as Siphonaria coreensis, Siphonaria javanica, Siphonaria laciniosa and Siphonaria rucuana.

Ecology

This genus is found in benthic and intertidal habitats. It constitutes a significant component of the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna in intertidal habitats across temperate to tropical regions.

Species

Intertidal fluctuations in the environment gives rise to large amounts variations in their shells making it difficult to identify and describe species only using traditional morphological classification methods. The limited study on the shell morphology of this genus also adds to the difficulty. During the late Pliocene to the Pleistocene epochs around 3.46-1.53 million years ago, this genus underwent a rapid diversification event with the climate likely being an important driver of this diversification event.

According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species are included in the genus Siphonaria:

Taxa inquerenda:
  • Siphonaria adjacens <small>W. H. Turton, 1932</small>
  • † Siphonaria alpinula <small>Mayer, 1870</small>
  • Siphonaria angulata <small>Gray, 1825</small>
  • Siphonaria becki <small>W. H. Turton, 1932</small>
  • Siphonaria conica <small>Blainville, 1827</small>
  • Siphonaria coreensis <small>A. Adams & Reeve, 1848</small> (taxon inquirendum)
  • Siphonaria depressa <small>Pease, 1862</small>
  • Siphonaria depressior <small>Schrenck, 1867</small>
  • Siphonaria fuliginata <small>Reeve, 1856</small>
  • † Siphonaria granicosta <small>Cossmann, 1895</small>
  • Siphonaria kowiensis <small>W. H. Turton, 1932</small>
  • Siphonaria luzonica <small>Reeve, 1856</small>
  • Siphonaria melanozonias <small>(Gmelin, 1791)</small>
  • Siphonaria nigra <small>Pallary, 1900</small>
  • Siphonaria oblivirgulata <small>Hubendick, 1943</small>
  • Siphonaria opalescens <small>Davis, 1904</small>
  • Siphonaria pallida <small>Allanson, 1958</small>
  • Siphonaria palmata <small>Carpenter, 1857</small>
  • Siphonaria palpebrum <small>Reeve, 1856</small>
  • † Siphonaria penjinae <small>Dall, 1893</small>
  • Siphonaria picta <small>d'Orbigny, 1839</small>
  • Siphonaria plana <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1833</small> (nomen dubium)
  • Siphonaria radiata <small>Gray, 1824</small>
  • Siphonaria scabra <small>Reeve, 1856</small>
  • Siphonaria sowerbyi <small>Michelin, 1832</small>
  • † Siphonaria xinglongtaiensis <small>Youluo, 1978</small>
Species brought into synonymy:
  • Siphonaria adansonii <small>de Blainville, 1827</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria algesirae <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1832</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria amara <small>Reeve, 1856</small>: synonym of Siphonaria normalis <small>Gould, 1846</small>
  • Siphonaria amphibia <small>W. R. B. Oliver, 1915</small>: synonym of Siphonaria raoulensis <small>W. R. B. Oliver, 1915</small>
  • Siphonaria anneae <small>Tomlin, 1944</small>: synonym of Siphonaria carbo <small>Hanley, 1858</small>
  • Siphonaria aspera <small>Krauss, 1848</small>: synonym of Siphonaria serrata <small>(Fischer von Waldheim, 1807)</small>
  • Siphonaria baconi <small>Reeve, 1856</small>: synonym of Siphonaria zelandica <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1833</small>
  • Siphonaria blainvillei <small>Hanley, 1858</small>: synonym of Siphonaria funiculata <small>Reeve, 1856</small> (junior synonym)
  • Siphonaria cancer <small>Reeve, 1856</small>: synonym of Siphonaria australis <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1833</small>
  • Siphonaria cheesemani <small>W. R. B. Oliver, 1915</small>: synonym of Siphonaria raoulensis <small>W. R. B. Oliver, 1915</small>
  • Siphonaria cochleariformis <small>Reeve, 1856</small>: synonym of Siphonaria japonica <small>(Donovan, 1824)</small> (nomen dubium, doubtful synonym)
  • Siphonaria cookiana <small>Suter, 1909</small>: synonym of Siphonaria australis <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1833</small>
  • Siphonaria cyaneomaculata <small>(Sowerby III, 1906)</small>: synonym of Siphonaria concinna <small>Sowerby I, 1823</small>
  • Siphonaria deflexa <small>(Helbling, 1779)</small>: synonym of Siphonaria concinna <small>G. B. Sowerby I, 1823</small>
  • Siphonaria grisea <small>Gmelin</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria inculta <small>Gould, 1846</small>: synonym of Siphonaria australis <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1833</small>
  • Siphonaria intermedia <small>Schrenck, 1867</small>: synonym of Siphonaria sipho <small>G. B. Sowerby I, 1823</small> accepted as Siphonaria javanica <small>(Lamarck, 1819)</small> (unavailable: not Siphonaria intermedia <small>Murray, 1857</small>)
  • Siphonaria jonasi <small>Dunker, 1853</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria lecanium <small>Philippi, 1846</small>: synonym of Siphonaria maura <small>G. B. Sowerby I, 1835</small> (junior subjective synonym)
  • Siphonaria lineolata <small>d'Orbigny, 1842</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria macauleyensis <small>W. R. B. Oliver, 1915</small>: synonym of Siphonaria raoulensis <small>W. R. B. Oliver, 1915</small>
  • Siphonaria mouret <small>Sowerby G.B. I, 1825</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria mouretus <small>de Blainville, 1824</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria natalensis <small>Krauss, 1848</small>: synonym of Siphonaria serrata <small>(Fischer von Waldheim, 1807)</small> (junior synonym)
  • Siphonaria naufraga <small>Stearns, 1872</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria nigerrima <small>E. A. Smith, 1903</small>: synonym of Siphonaria carbo <small>Hanley, 1858</small>
  • Siphonaria nuttallii <small>Hanley, 1858</small>: synonym of Siphonaria normalis <small>Gould, 1846</small>
  • Siphonaria obliquata <small>G. B. Sowerby I, 1825</small>: synonym of Benhamina obliquata <small>(Sowerby I, 1825)</small>
  • Siphonaria palmata <small>Carpenter, 1857</small>: synonym of Siphonaria lecanium var. palmata <small>Carpenter, 1857</small> (taxon inquirendum)
  • Siphonaria redimiculum <small>Reeve, 1856</small>: synonym of Kerguelenella lateralis <small>(Gould, 1846)</small>
  • Siphonaria sipho <small>G.B. Sowerby I, 1830</small>: synonym of Siphonaria javanica <small>(Lamarck, 1819)</small>
  • Siphonaria stellata <small>Blainville, 1827</small>: synonym of Siphonaria laciniosa <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria stowae <small>Verco, 1906</small>: synonym of Pugillaria stowae <small>(Verco, 1906)</small>
  • Siphonaria striatocostata <small>Dunker, 1846</small>: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
  • Siphonaria tenuicostulata <small>Smith</small>: synonym of Siphonaria carbo <small>Hanley, 1858</small>
  • Siphonaria variabilis <small>Krauss, 1848</small>: synonym of Siphonaria concinna <small>Sowerby I, 1823</small>
  • Siphonaria virgulata <small>Hedley, 1915</small>: synonym of Siphonaria funiculata <small>Reeve, 1856</small>
  • Siphonaria zebra <small>Reeve, 1856</small>: synonym of Siphonaria zelandica <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1833</small>

References