Shahpuri (; ) is a western dialect of Punjabi, primarily spoken in the former Shahpur District in what are now Sargodha and Khushab districts.
Its name is derived from the former Shahpur District. Grierson (1919) considered Shahpuri to be representative of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but later opinions by Shackle (1976) and Masica (1991) have re-classified it as a general dialect of Punjabi, with certain Multani dialect features. Wagha (1997) rejects the validity of Shahpuri as a distinct linguistic entity, and instead suggests all the intermediate dialects spoken in the Bars from Sargodha to Pakpattan, including Jhangi, to be merged into one.
It is mostly spoken in Sargodha District and Khushab District. It is also spoken in the neighbouring districts of Jhang, Chiniot, Mandi Bahauddin, Khanewal, Sahiwal and Bhakkar. It is mainly spoken on western end of Sindh River to Chenab River, traversing the Jhelum River.
Jatki dialect is a common name for the Jhangvi dialect, Shahpuri dialect and Dhani dialect. Sometimes also termed as Rachnavi dialect, the glotlog codes for these are:
In its phonology Shahpuri has the same tonal pattern as Standard Punjabi.
In common with Thali and Hindko, there is a class of two-syllable nouns that mark case distinctions by vowel alternation. The case suffixes of the older language have dropped, leaving the assimilated root vowels as the only indicator of the case: /jÃÂà ÂáÃÂl/ ~ /jÃÂà ÂáÃÂl/ /jÃÂà Âáêl/. Grierson explains this by substratal Dardic influence, whereas Shackle (1979) finds it more plausible that it is the result of Shahpuri's central position between areas favouring one or another vowel in these contexts.
Like most Punjabi dialects, Shahpuri also uses the past-tense inflections of paiá¹Âà(peyÃÂ, paë, paye, paiyÃÂÃÂ) to signify the continuous tense.
The place of "pyÃÂ" may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.
"Tusëàbahoon changàkamm paye karenday o", meaning "You (plural) are doing a very good thing"
"Tà «Ã bahoon changàkamm krendàain pyÃÂ", meaning "You (sing, m) are doing a very good thing"
"SÃÂá¸ÂàhÃÂl kehá¹Âàpuchhdàãi, mar mar ke paye aan jeenday, meaning "What do you ask about us? We are living in great distress" (a song by Mansoor Malangi)
"Paye aapna vanjeynday visaah o", meaning "You are wasting the trust people have in you" (from "Tusi changean naseeban de shah")
"Eh dohven aape vich larde hin paye". meaning "These two are fighting amongst themselves"
"Ethay seklaan pyiaan vikkdiyaan hin" or "Ethay seklaan vikkdiyaan ne pyiaan", meaning "Bicycles are being sold here"
The future tense in Jatki Punjabi is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gÃÂ.
This tense is also utilized in Pothwari, Hindko, Saraiki and other Western Punjabi dialects.
The past tense in the Jatki dialects differs from that of Eastern Punjabi.
The present tense of non-causative verbs in Jatki may involve the addition of -eyndÃÂ, while causative verbs may attain either -eyndÃÂ or -ÃÂandÃÂ. The future tense changes accordingly.
Verbs that have a causative form, rarely acquire -eyndÃÂ, for example, MardÃÂ (dies) cannot become MareyndÃÂ (kills/hits) as that is the present form of MaarnÃÂ (killing/hitting).
However, MannnÃÂ (to be convinced) and MannÃÂvnÃÂ (to convince) both can be said as ManeyndÃÂ in the present form.
Verbs like ÃÂvan (to come) and lyÃÂvan (to bring) will not take -eyndÃÂ, as they lack a passive form, so they are either said as -ÃÂndÃÂ or -aundÃÂ
The progressive tense is built upon the present tense, and is used in all Punjabi dialects. It is made by ending the verb with -eÃÂn in the present form.
For example, "to be doing" or "while doing", can be either kardeÃÂn or kareyndeÃÂn.
The Jatki dialects have a special passive tense for most verbs.
The present passive is made by adding -eendÃÂ, past passive by adding -eevyÃÂ/eeyÃÂ, subjunctive by adding -eevay (s.) and -eevan (pl), progressive by adding -eendeÃÂn , gerundive passive by adding -eevna/eejna and future passive by adding -eesi. The continuous passive is built upon the present passive by adding pyÃÂ, while perfect passive is built by adding gyÃÂ to the past passive.
VarteendÃÂ (is used), Varteenday (are used), Varteevay/Varteejay (to be used, sing), Varteevan/Varteejan (to be used, pl), VarteevyÃÂ (was used), Vartee-gyÃÂ (has been used), Varteenda-pyÃÂ (is being used), VarteendeÃÂn (while being used), Varteevna/Varteejna (its "being used"), Varteesi (will be used), Vartee-veysi or Vartee-jaasi (will have been used/will end up being used), Vartee-veynda or Vartee-jaanda (gets used).
Note: The past passive in Shahpuri is made by adding -eevyÃÂ, in Jhangochi by adding -eeyaÃÂ, Dhani is made by adding -eetÃÂ, and in Thalochi it is made by adding -eechÃÂ.
Some verbs may attain this form without any change in usage or meaning, such as:
à ¨¬à ¨µà ©Âà ¨¹à ¨£à ¨¾ à ¨Âà ¨ à ©Âà ¨µà ¨£à ¨¾ / èÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂç çÃÂùþÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂç, being the same as à ¨Âà ©±à ¨ à ¨£à ¨¾ / çÃÂùþÃÂÃÂç
à ¨¦à ¨¿à ¨¸à ©Âà ¨Âà ¨¦à ¨¾ /àïÃÂóÃÂÃÂÃÂïç, being the same as à ¨¦à ¨¿à ©±à ¨¸à ¨¦à ¨¾ / ïÃÂóÃÂïç
Proverb example: Heá¹Âá¹Âhon utton vaá¸Âá¸Âheeveeye taan á¸Âakk sadeendaa (ÃÂÃÂùþÃÂú çÃÂêÃÂÃÂú ÃÂÃÂþÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂæàêçú ÃÂéàóïÃÂÃÂÃÂïç)
(If we are cut from top to bottom, then are to be called a cane)
Note: The past tense of MarnÃÂ is MoyÃÂ (dead) and the past passive tense is MareejÃÂ (killed)
The agentive tense of verb in Punjabi is either shown in the standard manner by adding the words "ÃÂalÃÂ" or "laggeÃÂ".
For example, "He is to come" or "He is about to come" is spoken as Oh aavan aalÃÂ/laggeÃÂ ae.
In Jatki, another manner exists where the root verb is suffixated by adding -oo
Examples:
Tun kitthay jaaoo/vanjoo ain? (Where are you to go?)
Oh kay karoo ae? (What is he up to)
Ajj mein tuhÃÂnu hik ehjihi gall sunÃÂoo aan (Today I am about to tell you such a thing...)
Tuseen ohnu deoo o ke menu deoo o? (You are to give him or me?)
Ghaabarda kyon pya ain? Saanu vi miloo ae (Why are you worried? We too are to get it)
The dialects of Jatki Punjabi use Hin (ÃÂÃÂÃÂ) or No (ÃÂÃÂ) to signify the present plural tense. These are dialectal forms of "Han" (ÃÂÃÂÃÂ) and "Ne" (ÃÂÃÂ) respectively.
"Do janey hin/no" (ïàìÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂ/ÃÂÃÂ), meaning "There are two people".
The word "hin" may be attached with the verb colloquially.
"Oh menà «Ã dassdin" (çÃÂààÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂú ïóÃÂïÃÂÃÂ), meaning "They tell me".
"Bahà «Ã vÃÂdey keetin" (èÃÂÃÂÃÂú ÃÂùïàéÃÂÃÂêÃÂÃÂ)àmeaning "Made many promises"
The word Heà  (ÃÂÃÂÃÂû) may also be used.
Words like Vatt (ÃÂêÃÂ) or Muá¹ (àÃÂÃÂ) and its variant pronunciation Muná¹ (àÃÂÃÂÃÂ) are used instead of the Standard Punjabi Phir (þþÃÂñ).
"Halàvatt ki hoya?" (ÃÂÃÂç ÃÂêàéàÃÂÃÂÃÂçÃÂ), meaning "Alright, what happened then?".
"Tenu vatt vii aas praai rahi" (êÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂú ÃÂêàÃÂàâó þñçæàñÃÂÃÂ), meaning "Even then, you had hopes for some other", a lyric from "Changean Naseeban de Shah", by Talib Hussain Dard
Words like VajÃÂaá¹ (ÃÂÃÂìÃÂ) and JÃÂwaá¹ (ìçÃÂÃÂÃÂ) are both used.
"Kithay vendÃÂ/jÃÂndàpyàain?" (éÃÂêþÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂïç/ìçÃÂïç þÃÂç çÃÂúÃÂ), meaning "Where are you going?"
For "what", Jatki either uses the common word Kii (éÃÂ) or the Western word Kay (éÃÂ)
For "someone", Jatki may use either the standard Kisay (éÃÂóÃÂ) or another word that is Kaheeá¹ (éÃÂÃÂÃÂú)
Ba, Bai or Jo are used, as opposed to ke in Standard Punjabi. (èÃÂàèæÃÂàìÃÂ)
Mein tuhaanu dassaan bai (ke) aes ton changga mein pehlon kaday nhi vekhya
(Let me tell you that I have never seen one better than this)
Kaday vi mein nahi aakhya jo (ke) tun menu kujh desein taahin mein tenu kujh desaan
(Never did I say that you must first give only then to receive from me)
Tuseen inj keeta karo ba (ke) menu dass ditta karo
(You should do it as such that you should inform me)
Menu pata ae ba (ke) khoon rattaa ae, tey hetna rattaa ae jo (ke) teray hatthaan tey mehndi lagsi
(I know that blood is red, and it is so much that it will look like henna on your hands)
Similarly, Kyunjo (or Kyunjay) is used for Kyunke, and Taanjo (or Taanjay) is used for Taake.
In Jatki, many verbs exist to support the adjoining verb, giving the same meaning as de/dittaa/devay/desi.
De chaa (ïàÃÂç), is the same as De de (ïàïÃÂ), meaning "Give it"
Rakkh chhaá¸ÂḠ(ñéþàÃÂþÃÂÃÂ), is the same as Rakkh de (ñéþàïÃÂ), meaning "Place it"
Chaa karay (ÃÂç éñÃÂ), is the same as Kar devay (éñ ïÃÂÃÂÃÂ), meaning "Someone do it"
Other examples:
Chaa keetaa (ÃÂç éÃÂêç), meaning "Done it"
Mukaa chhoryaa (àÃÂéç ÃÂþÃÂÃÂÃÂç), meaning "Finished it"
Pivaa chaa (þÃÂÃÂç ÃÂç), meaning "Get me (something) to drink"
Laah satto (ÃÂçàóùÃÂÃÂ), meaning "Remove it"
Bhann sattyaa (èþÃÂàóùÃÂÃÂç), meaning "Broke it"
Hun dass vi chhaá¸Âá¸Âo (ÃÂÃÂàïóàÃÂàÃÂþÃÂÃÂÃÂ), meaning "Now tell already"
Koi ghatt chhaá¸Âá¸Âay (éÃÂæàïþêàÃÂþÃÂÃÂÃÂ), meaning "Someone come and pour it"
Mein ohnu de chhaá¸Âá¸Âsaan (àÃÂú çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂú ïàÃÂþÃÂÃÂóçú), meaning "I will give him"
Maar ghattsan (àçñ ïþêÃÂóÃÂ), meaning "Will come and beat"
In its past form VadÃÂ, it can either show continuous action (like pyÃÂ) or a state of being (like hoyÃÂ), depending on the main verb's form.
In the latter case, KhalÃÂ and KhlotÃÂ (both meaning "standing") may also be used.
Menu bhukkh laggi vadi/khali/pyi ae (I have hunger)
Menu bhukkh laggdi vadi/pyi ae (I am getting hungry)
Oh chendÃÂ vadÃÂ/pyÃÂ ae (He is picking it up)
Oh chaai vadÃÂ/khalÃÂ ae (He has it picked up)
UkkÃÂ moye vaday ÃÂen (We are completely dead)
Oh khÃÂdhi khalÃÂ hosi (He must have eaten)
Ohnu treh laggi vadi/khloti ae (He has thirst)
Mein kamm mukaai vadÃÂ/khalÃÂ/khlotÃÂ aa'n (I have finished the work)
Mein dhammi da progam keeti khalÃÂ/vadÃÂ/khlotÃÂ/pyÃÂ aa'n (I have decided it for morning)
Rujjhay vaday o, naveÃÂn saangeÃÂn vich (You are busy in your new attachments, a lyric from "Tusi Changean Naseeban de Shah", a song by Talib Hussain Dard)
In other forms, the verb VattnÃÂ, (literally meaning "to wander") depicts a continuity in an action, and is synonymous with the word PhirnÃÂ.
Hyaati saari nassdyÃÂn vattnÃÂ/phirnÃÂ (Running for all life)
Oh tenu kay kujh ghalldÃÂ vattdÃÂ/phirdÃÂ ee? (What does he keep on sending you?)
Beyli ruá¹Âá¹Âhàvadàhove tey aseen jeende vateeye/phireeye? (The friend is unhappy and we are to keep on living?)
Mein injay tue'n magar laggya vattaa'n/phiraa'n? (I should stay after you for no reason?)
Jatki uses special personal pronouns such as Kãi (Kihne/Kis), and Jãi (Jihne/Jis).
Kãi aakhya? éÃÂÃÂú âéþÃÂçÃÂ, meaning "Says who?"
Jãi vii aakhya hovay ìÃÂÃÂú ÃÂàâéþÃÂç ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, meaning "Whomsoever might have said it"
Eh kãinda ghar ae? çÃÂÃÂàéÃÂÃÂÃÂïç ïþñ çÃÂÃÂ, meaning "Whose house is this?"
Kãi kãi janay eh aali kheyḠkheyá¸Âi ee?, éÃÂú éÃÂú ìÃÂÃÂàçÃÂÃÂàâÃÂàéþÃÂàéþÃÂÃÂàÃÂæÃÂàmeaning "Who has played this game?"
Jãi kahen vii karna hovay ìÃÂÃÂú éÃÂÃÂú ÃÂàéñÃÂç ÃÂÃÂÃÂàor Jis kisay vii karna hovay ìÃÂó éÃÂóàÃÂàéñÃÂç ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, meaning "Whomsoever wants to do"
Jainda vii mann kareynda or Jain kahen da vii mann kareynda
Eh ki keetum (What have I done?)
Eh ki keeto-ee (What have you done?)
Eh ki keeta-nhay (What have you done? plural/respect)
Eh ki keeta-nay (What have they done?)
Eh ki keeto-say (What have we done?)
Eh ki keetus (What has he done?)
Kii naa'n-us? (What is his name?)
Nisay keeta (We did not do)
Nimoo keeta (I did not do)
Tenu aakhyam (I have told you)
Bhiraa nisay? (Are we not brothers?)
Jehri naveen film kaddhi nay, á¸Âiá¹Âá¹Âhi hayi? (The new film they released, have you seen it?)
Punjabi aapni dhi nu sikhaai koi nhoo'n? (You did not teach your daughter Punjabi?)
Bhalla honay (respectfully, "Thank you")
Bhalla hovi (Thankh you)
Counting is generally the same throughout Punjabi dialects, but with some notable deviations being:
Note:
The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.
Jatki dialects have several words that differ from Standard Punjabi.
Commonly observed in the Lahnda dialects is the use of Ghiná¹Âà(ïþÃÂÃÂÃÂç) and Aaá¹Ânà(âÃÂÃÂç) instead of the Eastern Punjabi words Laiá¹Âà(ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂç) and LyÃÂá¹Âà(ÃÂÃÂçÃÂç).
Jatki makes usage of both sets. The Dhani dialect however, seems to lean more towards the former.
In Jatki Punjabi, as well as in Saraiki, the irregular Punjabi past tense form of verbs is retained when used with the verb KarnÃÂ, a feature that is not present in Eastern dialects such as Majhi, or even in other Lahnda varieties such as Pothohari and Hindko.
The irregular past tense is generally the same throughout the Punjabi dialects (e.g. khÃÂdhÃÂ, peetÃÂ, nahÃÂtÃÂ, dhotÃÂ, moyÃÂ, latthÃÂ, khalotÃÂ, á¸Âaá¹Âá¹ÂhÃÂ, suttÃÂ, keetÃÂ, dittÃÂ, ghidÃÂ, seetÃÂ, baddhÃÂ).
Jatki does seem to have some additional ones as well, such as runnàfor royà(cried) á¸Âiá¹Âá¹Âhàfor vekhya (seen), and syÃÂtàfor syÃÂneà(recognized).
Examples:
Examples:
Asëàohnà «Ã ditti rakhie? (çóÃÂÃÂú çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂú ïÃÂêÃÂàñéþÃÂÃÂæÃÂÃÂ) instead of Asëàohnà «Ã dei rakhie? (çóÃÂÃÂú çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂú ïæàñéþÃÂÃÂæÃÂÃÂ)
(meaning, "Shall we keep on giving him?")
and
Oh keeti jÃÂndàae (çÃÂàéÃÂÃÂêàìçÃÂïç çÃÂ) instead of Oh kari jÃÂndàae (çÃÂàéñàìçÃÂïç çÃÂ)
(meaning, "He keeps on doing")
Kalla mai-aan kamm keeti jaavan? instead of Kalla maiiyon kamm kari jaavan?
(meaning, "I alone am to keep on doing?)
Ohnu ohndey pesay taan ditti aa (çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂú çÃÂÃÂÃÂïàþÃÂóàêçú ïÃÂêÃÂàâ), meaning "Give him his money and come back"
Pesay taan mere ditti vanj (þÃÂóàêçú àÃÂñàïÃÂêÃÂàÃÂÃÂì), meaning "Give my money as you go"
Pesay taan ditti veynda/jaanda (þÃÂóàêçú ïÃÂêÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂïç/ìçÃÂç), meaning "You could have at least given the money as you went"
Mein hikk kamm keeti aavaan (àÃÂú ÃÂÃÂéàéààÃÂàéÃÂêàâÃÂçú), meaning "I'll be back after one task"
Mein veyndean do trae moá¹Âian moá¹Âian gallaan bas keeti jaavan (àÃÂú ÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂçú ïàêñàïÃÂÃÂçú èó éÃÂêàìçÃÂçú), meaning "I'm just going to say a few things as I go"
Ajj kujh baahroon na khaadhi aaveeye? (çìàéÃÂìþ èçÃÂñÃÂÃÂú ÃÂàéþçïàâÃÂÃÂÃÂæÃÂÃÂ), meaning "Shouldn't we eat something from outside today?"
Aseen gall kareynde haaen, pehlon booha taan band keeti aa (çóÃÂÃÂú ïÃÂàéñÃÂÃÂïàÃÂçæÃÂúàþÃÂÃÂÃÂú èÃÂÃÂÃÂç êçú èÃÂï éÃÂêàâ), meaning "We will talk, first go close the door"
Booha band keeti jaaveen (èÃÂÃÂÃÂç èÃÂï éÃÂêàìçÃÂÃÂÃÂú), meaning "Close the door when you go"
Oh ditti aaya karay (çÃÂàïÃÂêÃÂàâÃÂç éñÃÂ), meaning "He can give (and come back)"
Oh ditti jaaya karay (çÃÂàïÃÂêÃÂàéñÃÂ), meaning "He can give give (while he is passing/leaving)"
Mein á¸Âiá¹Âá¹Âhi aavaan (àÃÂú ÃÂÃÂêþÃÂàâÃÂçú), meaning "I'll be back after a look"
Jaa nahaati aa (ìç ÃÂÃÂçêàâ), meaning "Go take a bath"
The words in bold would be "de", "kar", "khaa", "dekhya", and "nahaaya" in Standard Punjabi as well as in Urdu-Hindi translation.
"Hun taan mein keeti baitha aan" instead of "Hun taan mein karii baitha aan".
(meaning, "Now I have done it" [So now what?])
"Peeti baitha ae" instead of "Pee baitha ae"
(meaning, "He has drunk")