Madurese ( ; , Pegon script: , Carakan script: , ) is a language of the Madurese people, native to the Madura Island and eastern part of Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the Surabaya, Malang, Gresik, eastern salient of Java (comprising Pasuruan, Bondowoso, Probolinggo, Situbondo, Jember, Lumajang, to Banyuwangi), the Masalembu Islands, Raas Islands, and some on Kalimantan. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin script and the Pegon script (based on Arabic script) is now more commonly used. The number of speakers, though shrinking, is estimated to be 10âÂÂ14 million, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. Bawean language, which is a dialect of Madurese, is also spoken by Bawean people in Bawean Island, Indonesia. Then also by their descendants in Malaysia and Singapore.
According to K. Alexander Adelaar, Madurese is a Malayo-Sumbawan language of the Malayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the larger Austronesian language family. Thus, despite apparent geographic spread, Madurese is more related to Balinese, Malay, Sasak, and Sundanese, than it is to Javanese, the language used on the island of Java just across Madura Island.
Links between BaliâÂÂSasak languages and Madurese are more evident with the vernacular form (common form).
Latin letters are given according to the 2008 orthography.
Vowels , , , and its higher counterparts , , , are usually in complementary distribution. The last 4 vowels occur after voiced and aspirated consonants, while the first 4 vowels occur elsewhere. Consonants , , and , although by default lower the vowels, are transparent after higher vowels, for example belli "to buy" instead of *bellè .
Madurese has more consonants than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated (traditionally often transcribed as voiced aspirated), and voiced unaspirated. Similar to Javanese, it has a contrast between dental and alveolar (even retroflex) stops.
The letters , , , , and are used in loanwords.
Currently Madurese is mainly used the Latin script than other scripts, the Latin alphabet in Madurese is known as Alfabet Latèn. The Latin alphabet letters used in Madurese spelling are as follows. The name of each letter is listed next to it.
Note:<br>1. The vowel /a/ has two sound variations, namely [a] and [â]; The vowel /a/ will sound [a] if the consonant is attached to it are voiceless consonants and consonants nasal, will sound [â] if the consonant is attached to it in the form of voiced consonants. For practical purposes, second The sound symbol /a/ is both used.<br>2. The diacritical mark (') on the vowel /è/ is still used because /è/ and /e/ in Madurese are phonemes different, as in the words seksek (shortness) and sèksèk (iris), tèmbhâng (weigh) and tembhâng (Iagu).
Note:<br>1. The consonants /f/, /q/, /v/, /x/, and /z/ are used in Madurese to write words that are loanwords.<br>2. For practical purposes, the hamzah or glottal stop sound ([?]) is symbolized by an apostrophe (..'..). This symbol is used because the velar /k/ ([k]) and the glottal /k/ ([?]) are different phonemes in Madurese. Furthermore, glottal stops in Madurese are often placed in the middle of words. Examples include: "paka" [paka?] (astringent taste), "cèlo" (sour taste), and "pa'a" [pa?a?] (tatah [tool for hollowing wood]).
In Madurese, there are five letter combinations that represent consonants: "kh," "ng," "ny," "sy," and "th," as well as five aspirated consonants. In Madurese, aspirated and unaspirated consonants are distinct phonemes and therefore require different symbols. For example, bârâ (swelling) and bhârâ (lungs); á¸Ââá¸Ââ (chest) and á¸Âhâá¸Âhâ (quickly tired); bâjâ (moment, time) and bâjhâ (steel [a type of metal]) as well as bâgi (share) and bâghi (give).
In Madurese, there are three diphthongs symbolized by ay, oy, and uy.
Madurese nouns are not inflected for gender and are pluralized via reduplication. Its basic word order is subjectâÂÂverbâÂÂobject. Negation is expressed by putting a negative particle before the verb, adjective or noun phrase. As with other similar languages, there are different negative particles for different kinds of negation.
Madurese, like Sasak, Javanese, and Balinese, also has levels/register, but they differ slightly in that they are divided into only three:
Example:
Madurese language also has dialects spread throughout the region where it is spoken. There are several dialects that are commonly used, such as:
The dialect used as the standard form of Madurese is the Sumenep dialect, because in the past Sumenep was the center of the Madurese kingdom and culture. The other dialects are rural dialects that gradually blended with the mobilization of Madurese society. Meanwhile, in the eastern salient of Java, these dialects often mix with Javanese language, and this dialect itself is called the Pendalungan dialect. The Pendalungan Madurese people outside Situbondo, Bondowoso, and the eastern part of Probolinggo, generally master the Javanese language, in addition to the Madurese language.
For example, in the case of the pronoun 'you':
From Article 1 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.