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Raphitomidae

Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

Bouchet, Kantor et al. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Raphitominae (which at that point had been placed in the family Conidae) to the rank of family. This was based on a cladistic analysis of shell morphology, radular characteristics, anatomical characters, and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments. The family was found to be monophyletic.

Description

The Raphitomidae is the largest, most diverse and most variable taxon in the Conoidea, with the greatest number of species and the largest ecological range (from the tropics to the pole) and largest vertical range (intertidal to hadal depths).

The shells of species in the Raphitomidae are very variable in shape (buccinoid to ovate, elongate-fusiform, or high-cylindrical) and size (2 to 140 mm in height). Similarly, shell sculpture is extremely variable, from nearly smooth to well developed spiral and axial elements and subsutural ramps. Common morphology includes apertural armature rarely well developed, inner lip usually smooth, no operculum, radular tooth hypodermic in character with marginal teeth of variable morphology (including variable length).

The muscular bulb of the venom gland is always single-layered. The close relationship of Raphitomidae with cone snails (which are already under intensive study for the pharmaceutical applications of their toxins), makes them an interesting candidate for the discovery of new toxins.

Another characteristic is the multispiral protoconch, which shows spiral striae on protoconch I and diagonally cancellated ("raphitomine") sculpture on protoconch II.

Some species with a paucispiral protoconch are included in the family. This is usually based on similarities in shell morphology to species having a "raphitomine" protoconch. This determination should also ideally be founded on other attributes, such as the type of radula or foregut anatomy or their lack of an operculum.

Genera

This is a list of the accepted names of genera in the family Raphitomidae (the main reference for recent species is the World Register of Marine Species)

Synonyms

  • Allo <small>Jousseaume, 1934</small>: synonym of Taranis <small>Jeffreys, 1870 </small>
  • Anomalotomella <small>Powell, 1966</small>: synonym of Pleurotomella <small>Verrill, 1872</small>
  • Aspertilla <small>Powell, 1944</small>: synonym of Asperdaphne <small>Hedley, 1922</small>
  • Azorilla <small>F. Nordsieck, 1968</small>; synonym of Teretia <small>Norman, 1888</small>.
  • Azorita <small>F. Nordsieck, 1968</small>: synonym of Pleurotomella <small>Verrill, 1872</small>
  • Bathypota <small>F. Nordsieck, 1968</small>: synonym of Bathybela <small>Kobelt, 1905</small>
  • Cenodagreutes <small>E.H. Smith, 1967</small>: synonym of Raphitoma <small>Bellardi, 1847 </small>
  • Cirillia <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>: synonym of Philbertia <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>
  • Clathurina <small>Melvill, 1917 </small>: synonym of Kermia <small>Oliver, 1915</small>
  • Cochlioconus <small>Yokoyama, 1928</small>: synonym of Thatcheria <small>Angas, 1877 </small>
  • Cordiera: synonym of Cordieria <small>Rouault, 1848</small>
  • Cyrtoides <small>F. Nordsieck, 1968</small>: synonym of Raphitoma <small>Bellardi, 1847 </small>
  • Eudaphne <small>Bartsch, 1931</small>: synonym of Daphnella <small>Hinds, 1844</small>
  • Eudaphnella <small>Bartsch, 1933</small>: synonym of Daphnella <small>Hinds, 1844</small>
  • Feliciella <small>Lamy, 1934</small>: synonym of Taranis <small>Jeffreys, 1870 </small>
  • Fenestrosyrinx <small>Finlay, 1926 </small>: synonym of Taranis <small>Jeffreys, 1870 </small>
  • Fusidaphne <small>Laseron, 1954</small>: synonym of Pleurotomella <small>Verrill, 1872</small> (synonym)
  • Hemidaphne <small>Hedley, 1918</small>: synonym of Daphnella <small>Hinds, 1844</small>
  • Homotoma <small>Bellardi, 1875</small>: synonym of Philbertia <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>
  • Leufroyia <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>: synonym of Philbertia <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>
  • Lineotoma <small>F. Nordsieck, 1977</small>: synonym of Philbertia <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>
  • Litachilus <small>Powell, 1944</small>: synonym of Teleochilus <small>Harris, 1897 </small>
  • Magnella <small>Dittmer, 1960</small>: synonym of Mioawateria <small>Vella, 1954</small>
  • Majox <small>F. Nordsieck, 1968</small>: synonym of Gymnobela V<small>errill, 1884</small>
  • Metaclathurella <small>Shuto, 1983</small>: synonym of Otitoma <small>Jousseaume, 1898</small>
  • Mordica <small>Dall, 1924</small>: synonym of Veprecula <small>Melvill, 1917 </small>
  • Ootoma <small>Koperberg, 1931</small>: synonym of Buccinaria <small>Kittl, 1887</small>
  • Ootomella <small>Bartsch, 1933</small>: synonym of Buccinaria <small>Kittl, 1887</small>
  • Paradaphne <small>Laseron, 1954</small>: synonym of Daphnella <small>Hinds, 1844</small>
  • Peratotoma <small>Harris & Burrows, 1891</small>: synonym of Philbertia <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>
  • Philbertia <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>: synonym of Raphitoma <small>Bellardi, 1847 </small>
  • Pionotoma <small>Kuroda, 1952</small>: synonym of Buccinaria <small>Kittl, 1887</small>
  • Qii <small>Zhang, 1995</small>: synonym of Pseudodaphnella <small>Boettger, 1895</small>
  • Rhaphitoma: synonym of Raphitoma <small>Bellardi, 1848</small>
  • Speoides <small>Kuroda & Habe, 1961</small>: synonym of Spergo <small>Dall, 1895 </small>
  • Teres <small>Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883</small>: synonym of Teretia <small>Norman, 1888 </small>
  • Tasmadaphne <small>Laseron, 1954</small>: synonym of Pleurotomella <small>Verrill, 1872</small> (synonym)
  • Turrhyssa <small>Dall, 1924</small>: synonym of Eucyclotoma <small>Boettger, 1895</small>
  • Watsonaria <small>F. Nordsieck, 1968</small>: synonym of Gymnobela <small>Verrill, 1884</small>

References

  • Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp

External links