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Raphitoma

Raphitoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.

The type species Pleurotoma hystrix <small>Cristofori and Jan, 1832</small> is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “Pleurotoma histrix <small>Jan</small>.”

Distribution

This genus occurs in European waters, in the northern part of the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Verde, West Africa and Angola.

Taxonomy history

The genus Raphitoma was created in 1847 by Luigi Bellardi (1818-1889) in his "Monographie des Pleurotomes fossiles du Piémont" for species in different groups without operculum.

Raphitoma now contains many species formerly assigned to Pleurotoma <small>Lamarck, 1799</small>, Clathurella <small>(Carpenter, 1857)</small> and Philbertia <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>. Philbertia was synonymized with Raphitoma in 1990 because Dr. Philippe Bouchet did not consider valid the subdivision of species into different genera solely on the basis of differences during larval development.

In describing Raphitoma, the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) relied on an unpublished database "Nomenclator of Molluscan Supraspecific Names" by Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2010). In December 2011, the WoRMS database still showed 21 species retaining the genus name Philbertia. In their publication "A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda)", Bouchet, Kantor et al. (2011) still recognize Philbertia as a valid genus in the Raphitomidae.

As of the 2017 update to the 2005 restructuring of gastropod taxonomy, WoRMS recognizes Philbertia as a synonym of Raphitoma.

Description

According to Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. (2018), the shell of the species in this genus are characterized by:

  • shape: turreted to biconic-pupoidal with an impressed suture.
  • size: small to medium (5&nbsp;mm to 25&nbsp;mm) compared with the other genera in this family
  • protoconch: 3 to 4.5 whorls when multispiral (planktotrophic development) - otherwise paucispiral (lecithotrophic development) - this dichotomy of the larval development between sibling species can be used in distinguishing them).
  • body whorl: frequently keeled.
  • Sculpture: reticulate and diagonally squarely cancellated with the axial opisthocline ribs broader than the spiral riblets; sometimes growth lines visible between the ribs on the body whorl.
  • outer lip: thickened, showing inner denticles; crenulated externally.
  • columella: simple; sometimes slightly sinuous anteriorly.
  • siphonal canal: funnel-like; short to rather long; wide.

Data about the soft parts are scarce and suggest a variation between the species.

Species

Species within the genus Raphitoma include:

† = species is extinct

Synonyms

  • Raphitoma aequalis <small>(Jeffreys, 1867)</small>: synonym of Cyrillia aequalis <small>(Jeffreys, 1867)</small>
  • Raphitoma affine <small>Locard, 1891</small>: synonym of Bela nebula <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma amoena <small>Sars G.O., 1878</small>: synonym of Nepotilla amoena <small>(G.O. Sars, 1878)</small>
  • Raphitoma angusta <small>Bellardi, 1847</small> †: synonym of Agathotoma angusta <small>(Bellardi, 1847)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma antonjanssei <small>Marquet & Landau, 2006</small> †: synonym of Raphitoma antonjanseni <small>Marquet, 1998</small> † (unjustified emendation)
  • Raphitoma asperrima <small>(T. Brown, 1827)</small>: synonym of Trophonopsis muricata <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma barbierii <small>Brusina, 1866</small>: synonym of Drilliola loprestiana <small>(Calcara, 1841)</small> )
  • Raphitoma bedoyai <small>Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998</small>: synonym of Daphnella bedoyai <small>(Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998)</small> (original combination)
  • † Raphitoma bertrandiana <small>(Millet, 1865)</small>: synonym of † Daphnella bertrandiana <small>(Millet, 1865)</small>
  • Raphitoma bofilliana <small>(Sulliotti, 1889)</small>: synonym of Raphitoma alleryana <small>(Sulliotti, 1889)</small>
  • Raphitoma boothii <small>Smith, 1839</small>: synonym of Raphitoma concinna <small>(Scacchi, 1836)</small>
  • Raphitoma brachystoma <small>(Philippi, 1844)</small>: synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma <small>(Philippi, 1844)</small>
  • Raphitoma brevis <small>Réquien, 1848</small>: synonym of Raphitoma pupoides <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>
  • Raphitoma brevis <small>F. Nordsieck, 1977</small>: synonym of Raphitoma brunneofasciata <small>Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013</small> (preoccupied name)
  • Raphitoma buchanensis <small>Macgillivray, 1843</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma cappellinii <small>Deshayes, 1865</small>: synonym of Raphitoma costellata capellinii <small>Deshayes, 1865</small>
  • Raphitoma caudicula <small>Nardo, 1848</small>: synonym of Raphitoma leufroyi <small>(Michaud, 1828)</small>
  • Raphitoma concinna <small>(Scacchi, 1836)</small>: synonym of Leufroyia concinna <small>(Scacchi, 1836)</small>
  • Raphitoma confusa <small>Locard, 1897</small>: synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma <small>(Philippi, 1844)</small>
  • Raphitoma confusum <small>Locard, 1897</small>: synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma <small>(Philippi, 1844)</small> (dubious synonym; incorrect gender ending)
  • Raphitoma corbiformis <small>Locard & Caziot, 1900</small>: synonym of Raphitoma corbis <small>(Potiez & Michaud, 1838)</small>
  • Raphitoma cordieri <small>Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883</small>: synonym of Raphitoma horrida <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>
  • Raphitoma corimbensis <small>Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998</small>: synonym of Daphnella corimbensis <small>(Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma cranchiana <small>Gray, 1852</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma cylindracea [sic]: synonym of Raphitoma locardi <small>Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013</small> (misspelling of Clathurella cylindrica <small>Locard & Caziot, 1900</small>)
  • Raphitoma cyrilli <small>Brusina, 1866</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma decorata <small>Locard, 1892</small>: synonym of Raphitoma cordieri <small>(Payraudeau, 1826)</small>
  • Raphitoma decussatum <small>Locard, 1891</small>: synonym of Bela decussata <small>(Locard, 1891)</small> (original combination)
  • † Raphitoma defrancei <small>Tucker & Renard, 1993</small>: synonym of † Amblyacrum dameriacense <small>(Deshayes, 1865)</small>
  • Raphitoma detexta <small>Bellardi, 1877</small> †: synonym of Bela detexta <small>(Bellardi, 1877)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma divae <small>Carrozza, 1984</small>: synonym of Raphitoma pseudohystrix <small>(Sykes, 1906)</small>
  • Raphitoma dollfusi <small>Locard, 1886</small>: synonym of Raphitoma cordieri <small>(Payraudeau, 1826)</small>
  • Raphitoma echinata <small>Calcara, 1839</small>: synonym of Raphitoma horrida <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>
  • Raphitoma elegans <small>Blainville, 1829</small>: synonym of Raphitoma purpurea <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma elegans <small>(Donovan, 1804)</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma elegans <small>Locard & Caziot, 1900</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma elegans <small>Monterosato, 1875</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma ephesina <small>Pusateri, Giannuzzi Savelli & Stahlschmidt, 2017</small>: synonym of Cyrillia ephesina <small>(Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Stahlschmidt, 2017)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma erronea <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>: synonym of Leufroyia erronea <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>
  • Raphitoma euzonata <small>Hervier, 1897</small>: synonym of Kermia episema <small>(Melvill & Standen, 1896)</small>
  • Raphitoma exstriolata <small>Cerulli-Irelli, 1910</small>: synonym of Mangelia costulata <small>Risso, 1826</small>
  • Raphitoma fallax <small>Forbes, 1844</small>: synonym of Raphitoma purpurea <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma flavida <small>F. Nordsieck, 1977</small>: synonym of Raphitoma densa <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>
  • Raphitoma fulgurans <small>(Krauss, 1848)</small>: synonym of Anachis kraussii <small>(Sowerby I, 1844)</small>
  • † Raphitoma georgesi <small>Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018</small>: synonym of † Cyrillia georgesi <small>(Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma gougeroti <small>J. K. Tucker & Le Renard, 1993</small> †: synonym of Amblyacrum gougeroti <small>(J. K. Tucker & Le Renard, 1993)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma hispida <small>Bellardi, 1877</small> †: synonym of Bela hispida <small>(Bellardi, 1877)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma hispidula <small>Bellardi, 1847</small> †: synonym of Bela hispidula <small>(Bellardi, 1847)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma hypothetica <small>Bellardi, 1848</small> †: synonym of Atoma hypothetica <small>(Bellardi, 1848)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma ida <small>Thiele, 1925</small>: synonym of Tritonoturris capensis <small>(Smith, 1882)</small>
  • Raphitoma inflata <small>De Cristofori, 1832</small>: synonym of Leufroyia leufroyi <small>(Michaud, 1828)</small>
  • Raphitoma intermedia <small>Nordsieck, 1968</small>: synonym of Raphitoma laviae <small>(Philippi, 1844)</small>
  • Raphitoma kabuli <small>Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998</small>: synonym of Cyrillia kabuli <small>(Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998)</small> (original combination)
  • † Raphitoma landreauensis <small>Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018</small>: synonym of † Leufroyia landreauensis <small>(Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma leufroyi <small>(Michaud, 1828)</small>: synonym of Leufroyia leufroyi <small>(Michaud, 1828)</small>
  • Raphitoma lineare <small>Réquien, 1848</small>: synonym of Raphitoma cordieri <small>(Payraudeau, 1826)</small>
  • Raphitoma linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma linearis <small>Monterosato, 1875</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma lirifera <small>Bellardi, 1877</small> †: synonym of Bela lirifera <small>(Bellardi, 1877)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma mirabilis <small>Locard, 1891</small>: synonym of Leufroyia leufroyi <small>(Michaud, 1828)</small>
  • Raphitoma monterosatoi <small>F. Nordsieck, 1977</small>: synonym of Raphitoma horrida <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>
  • Raphitoma muricoidea <small>Blainville, 1829</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma neapolitana <small>F. Nordsieck, 1977</small>: synonym of Raphitoma pupoides <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>
  • Raphitoma nebula <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>: synonym of Bela nebula <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma nuperrima <small>(Tiberi, 1855)</small>: synonym of Bela nuperrima <small>(Tiberi, 1855)</small>
  • Raphitoma obesa <small>Høisæter, 2016</small>: synonym of Cyrillia obesa <small>(Høisæter, 2016)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma oceanicum <small>Locard, 1891</small>: synonym of Bela oceanica <small>(Locard, 1891)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma ornata <small>Locard, 1891</small>: synonym of Bela ornata <small>(Locard, 1891)</small>: synonym of Mangelia costulata <small>Risso, 1826</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma ornatus <small>Strebel, 1904</small>: synonym of Tritonoturris capensis <small>(Smith, 1882)</small>
  • Raphitoma pallaryi <small>Nordsieck, 1977</small>: synonym of Raphitoma mirabilis <small>(Pallary, 1904)</small>
  • Raphitoma payraudeauti <small>Weinkauff, 1868</small>: synonym of Mangelia attenuata (Montagu, 1803)
  • Raphitoma peregrinator <small>Locard, 1897</small>: synonym of Mangelia nuperrima <small>(Tiberi, 1855)</small>: synonym of Bela nuperrima <small>(Tiberi, 1855)</small>
  • † Raphitoma plicata <small>(Lamarck, 1803)</small>: synonym of † Elaeocyma plicata <small>(Lamarck, 1804)</small>
  • Raphitoma plicatella <small>Bellardi, 1847</small> †: synonym of Bela plicatella <small>(Bellardi, 1847)</small> † (original combination)
  • Raphitoma powisiana <small>Dautzenberg, 1887</small>: synonym of Bela powisiana <small>(Dautzenberg, 1887)</small> (original combination)
  • † Raphitoma pseudoconcinna <small>Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018</small>: synonym of † Daphnella pseudoconcinna <small>(Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma pulchella <small>Adams & Angas, 1863</small>: synonym of Daphnella harrisoni <small>(Tenison-Woods, 1878)</small>
  • Raphitoma pumila <small>(Monterosato, 1890)</small>: synonym of Raphitoma echinata pumila <small>Monterosato, 1890</small>
  • Raphitoma punctatus <small>Brown, 1827</small>: synonym of Raphitoma purpurea <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma pungens <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>: synonym of Raphitoma horrida <small>(Monterosato, 1884)</small>
  • Raphitoma radula <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>: synonym of Raphitoma cordieri <small>(Payraudeau, 1826)</small>
  • Raphitoma reconditum <small>Locard, 1891</small>: synonym of Bela nuperrima <small>(Tiberi, 1855)</small>
  • Raphitoma reticulata <small>Brocchi, 1814</small>: synonym of Raphitoma echinata <small>(Brocchi, 1814)</small>
  • Raphitoma reticulata <small>Renier, 1804</small>: synonym of Raphitoma echinata <small>(Brocchi, 1814)</small>
  • Raphitoma rissoi <small>Locard, 1886</small>: synonym of Mangelia costulata <small>Risso, 1826</small>
  • Raphitoma rosea <small>Brusina, 1866</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
  • Raphitoma sandrii <small>Brusina, 1865</small>: synonym of Mangiliella sandrii <small>(Brusina, 1865)</small>: synonym of Mangelia sandrii <small>(Brusina, 1865)</small> (original combination)
  • † Raphitoma scacchii <small>Hörn., 1848</small>: synonym of Raphitoma philberti <small>(Michaud, 1829)</small>
  • Raphitoma scacchii <small>De Casa & Hallgass, 1979</small>: synonym of Leufroyia concinna <small>(Scacchi, 1836)</small>
  • Raphitoma septentrionalis <small>Locard, 1892</small>: synonym of Raphitoma echinata <small>(Brocchi, 1814)</small>
  • Raphitoma septenvillei <small>Dautzenberg & Durouchoux, 1913</small>: synonym of Bela septenvillei <small>(Dautzenberg & Durouchoux, 1913)</small>: synonym of Bela nebula <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma servaini <small>(Locard, 1891)</small>: synonym of Raphitoma oblonga <small>(Jeffreys, 1867)</small>
  • Raphitoma strictum <small>Locard, 1891</small>: synonym of Mangelia smithii <small>(Forbes, 1840)</small>: synonym of Mangelia costulata <small>Risso, 1826</small>
  • Raphitoma substriolata <small>Harmer, 1918</small>: synonym of Mangelia costulata <small>Risso, 1826</small> (dubious synonym)
  • Raphitoma syracusanum <small>Blainville, 1829</small>: synonym of Raphitoma cordieri <small>(Payraudeau, 1826)</small>
  • † Raphitoma textilis <small>(Brocchi, 1814)</small>: synonym of † Rimosodaphnella textilis <small>(Brocchi, 1814)</small>
  • Raphitoma tricolor <small>Risso, 1826</small>: synonym of Cyrillia linearis <small>(Montagu, 1803</small>
  • † Raphitoma turtaudierei <small>Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018</small>: synonym of † Leufroyia turtaudierei <small>(Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma variegatum <small>Philippi, 1836</small>: synonym of Raphitoma philberti <small>(Michaud, 1829)</small>
  • Raphitoma versicolor <small>Scacchi, 1836</small>: synonym of Raphitoma philberti <small>(Michaud, 1829)</small>
  • Raphitoma villaria <small>Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2008</small>: synonym of Leufroyia villaria <small>(Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2008)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma zamponorum <small>Horro, Rolán & Gori, 2019</small>: synonym of Cyrillia zamponorum <small>(Horro, Gori & Rolán, 2019)</small> (original combination)
  • Raphitoma zonalis <small>Delle Chiaje, 1830</small>: synonym of Leufroyia leufroyi <small>(Michaud, 1828)</small>
  • Raphitoma zonatum <small>Locard, 1891</small>: synonym of Bela zonata <small>(Locard, 1891)</small> (original combination)

References

  • Howson, C.M.; Picton, B.E. (Ed.) (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. . vi, 508 (+ cd-rom)
  • Filmer R.M. (2001). A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 - 1998. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp.
  • Terlizzi, A.; Scuderi, D.; Fraschetti, S.; Anderson, M.J. (2005). Quantifying effects of pollution on biodiversity: a case study of highly diverse molluscan assemblages in the Mediterranean. Mar. Biol. 148(2): 293-305
  • Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, Revisione delle Raphitomidae mediterranee 1: su Raphitoma contigua (Monterosato, 1884) e Raphitoma spadiana n. sp., speciesorelle (Gastropoda, Conoidea); Sociedad Espanola de Malacologia - Iberus, 30 (1): 41-52, 2012

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