The Odessa uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire. The uezd bordered the Tiraspol and Ananev uezds to the north, the Elisavetgrad uezd to the northeast, the Kherson uezd to the east, the Black Sea to the south, and the Akkerman uezd of the Bessarabia Governorate to the west. The administrative centre of the county was Odessa (Odesa).
The subcounties (volosts) of the Odessa uezd in 1912 were as follows:
At the time of the Russian Empire Census on , the Odessa uezd had a population of 610,042. including 322,899 men and 287,143 women. The majority of the population indicated Great Russian to be their mother tongue, with significant Jewish and Little Russian speaking minorities.