Sir MÃÂui Wiremu Piti Naera Pà Âmare (1875 or 1876 â 27 June 1930) was a New Zealand medical doctor and politician, being counted among the more prominent MÃÂori political figures. He is particularly known for his efforts to improve MÃÂori health and living conditions. His career was not without controversy: he negotiated the effective removal of the last of Taranaki MÃÂori land from its native inhabitants â some 18,000 acres â in a move that has been described as the "final disaster" for his people. He was a member of the NgÃÂti Mutunga iwi, which was originally from North Taranaki, migrated to Wellington, and then invaded and settled the Chatham Islands in 1835.
The date of Pà Âmare's birth is unclearâÂÂschool records give 24 August 1875 but most other sources give 13 January 1876. He was born at PÃÂhau pàat Onaero in northern Taranaki. His father Wiremu Naera Pà Âmare was of NgÃÂti Mutunga and was the adopted son of Wiremu Piti Pà Âmare. His mother Mere Hautonga Nicoll was the daughter of Kahe Te Rau-o-te-rangi of NgÃÂti Toa, a signatory of the Treaty of Waitangi, and John Nicoll, a PÃÂkehàsailor, whaler and trader.
PÃ Âmare attended schools at Waitara, the Chathams Islands and Auckland. His parents were followers of Te Whiti and sometimes lived at Parihaka, and PÃ Âmare lost a toe there as a boy when a horse trod on his foot. His father died in 1885 and his mother when he was in his early teens, leaving him in the guardianship of his aunt, HÃÂni Te Rau Nicoll.
PÃ Âmare attended Christchurch Boys' High School and then Te Aute College. Although his family wanted him to study law PÃ Âmare decided to become a doctor and, in 1895, he began study at a Seventh-day Adventist Church medical college at Battle Creek in the US state of Michigan. He remained in the United States until 1900 and travelled extensively.
At the time of PÃ Âmare's return to New Zealand there was considerable concern about public health, with the quality of housing and sanitation being a major political issue. The problem was particularly pressing in MÃÂori communities and PÃ Âmare, as one of a small number of trained MÃÂori doctors, was selected to serve as MÃÂori Health Officer in the Department of Health. In this role he undertook a number of major campaigns to improve MÃÂori health and met with considerable success. PÃ Âmare was highly active in the everyday work of his office, often walking to remote villages to give public speeches. His frequent lectures on health matters gave him considerable skill in oratory.
In contrast to some of his friends, notably ÃÂpirana Ngata, Pà Âmare was not particularly concerned about the loss of MÃÂori cultural identity. While Pà Âmare and Ngata agreed on the need to modernise MÃÂori living conditions, Pà Âmare did not share Ngata's drive to preserve and protect traditional MÃÂori culture and artsâÂÂinstead Pà Âmare believed that, eventually, PÃÂkehàand MÃÂori would merge to form a single culture incorporating the best aspects of both (a common ideal of his iwi).
In the 1911 election, Pà Âmare stood for the House of Representatives as an Independent in the Western Maori electorate that covered the western part of the North Island from Wellington to just south of Auckland, plus the east coast from Tauranga north. Aided by support from the MÃÂori King, Mahuta TÃÂwhiao, he was successful, displacing the incumbent Henare Kaihau. He was aligned with the new Reform Party that had won the largest number of seats. When the party formed a government, Pà Âmare was appointed in July 1912 to Cabinet as a minister without portfolio, a largely symbolic position. Pà Âmare was quite popular with his partyâÂÂin part this is likely because he did not promote an independent MÃÂori cultural identity and that fitted well with the Reform Party's generally conservative views. (Meanwhile, Pà Âmare's old friend, ÃÂpirana Ngata, was serving as an MP for the opposition Liberal Party.)
In 1881 the Crown had set aside 187,000 acres for Taranaki MÃÂori "absolutely and for all time". By 1911 only 18,000 acres remained and it was being leased to settlers on the behalf of MÃÂori, although in an act of defiance of land confiscation, local MÃÂori never claimed the rent. Both Waikato and Taranaki elected MÃÂui Pà Âmare as the member for Western Maori to ensure this 18,000 acres would not become freehold settler property in perpetuity. In 1913 Pà Âmare attempted to appease both his people and PÃÂkehàsettlers by extending the lease settlers had for a further 10 years after which it would revert to MÃÂori ownership â provided they pay compensation to settlers for appreciation in value. In 1923 MÃÂori reclaimed their 18,000 acres, but Pà Âmare had converted the land from leasehold to freehold, something his people were woefully unprepared to deal with. Overwhelmed by a system they did not understand, the MÃÂori sold back to the PÃÂkehàsettlers, who now had this last 18,000 acres in perpetuity.
During World War I PÃ Âmare and Ngata joined forces to encourage MÃÂori to join the armed forces. They both believed that by participating strongly in the war and fighting to defend the country, MÃÂori would demonstrate to PÃÂkehÃÂ that they were full citizens. However, some tribes in PÃ Âmare's own electorate were reluctant. Taranaki was only mildly in support and Waikato was quite opposed, having not forgotten their fate in the New Zealand Wars and consequent land confiscations. PÃ Âmare angered many of his constituents by extending conscription to MÃÂori under the Military Service Act 1916.
When Pà Âmare went to Waahi Pa late in the war to try to change the minds of Waikato MÃÂori, he was greeted in this manner: "He was met at the station by a hostile crowd and escorted to the riverside where he was a spectator of an event never before recorded in European times. When the old-time Maoris wished to demonstrate their most extreme measure of contempt for any person they danced a haka standing naked and waist high in a river and at appropriate times in the dance turned their posteriors towards the unwelcome visitor. There were no greater depths of ignominy in the Maori repertoire of insults â it was the absolute in loathing and contumely. Such was the spectacle confronting the Member for Western Maori ...".
In April 1916, PÃ Âmare was given ministerial responsibility for the Cook Islands, then a New Zealand territory. He lobbied strongly for more funding to be given to the islands and was responsible for considerable infrastructural improvement. He opposed, however, the idea of self-governance for the islands, saying that they were not yet ready for it. On a number of occasions he overrode laws passed by the islands' own council, causing a certain amount of complaint. On the whole, however, he was well regarded in the Cook Islands, being presented with a silver cup at the end of his service.
Later, in May 1925, PÃ Âmare was appointed Minister of Health, his highest office. Due to economic problems the Health Department's budget was low, making it difficult for him to effect any important reforms. Nevertheless, he managed to make gains in some areas, particularly maternity care and equipment sterilisation.
PÃ Âmare was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours, and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1922 King's Birthday Honours.
In 1928 PÃ Âmare contracted tuberculosis. In the 1928 election ÃÂpirana Ngata conducted PÃ Âmare's campaign on his behalf, despite belonging to the opposition party. PÃ Âmare was re-elected. Later he travelled to California in the hope that the climate would be good for his health. He died on 27 June 1930 in Glendale, California, in Los Angeles County. PÃ Âmare was cremated in San Francisco, which caused much controversy among MÃÂori, as cremation was against protocol and unprecedented.
MÃÂui PÃ Âmare day (Te Ra o MÃÂui PÃ Âmare) is celebrated every year at Owae Marae in Waitara, Taranaki, on the Saturday closest to the anniversary of his death. The day recognises his work in health reforms, politics and especially his investigation of MÃÂori land confiscations.
MÃÂui PÃ Âmare day is also of significance to Samoa. In 1927 PÃ Âmare spoke out in Parliament speeches against New Zealand's methods in dealing with Samoa's resistance movement, and this was recognised at the 2013 MÃÂui PÃ Âmare day.
In celebrating 150 years of The New Zealand Herald, the newspaper named him New Zealander of the year for 1926, for his work on MÃÂori land grievances. The Herald gave him the same award again for 1927, for his work as Health Minister that led to fewer deaths of women at childbirth.