List of investigational Parkinson's disease drugs

This is a list of investigational Parkinson's disease drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease but are not yet approved. They may also be referred to as investigational antiparkinsonian agents.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. The format of list items is "Name (Synonyms) – Mechanism of Action [Reference]".

This list was last comprehensively updated in September 2025. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Preregistration

• AIP-201 – positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800059588
• Levodopa/carbidopa subcutaneous (ND-0612; ND-0680) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor) and carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800035496

Phase 3

• Altropane (123-I Altropane; [123I]-E-IACFT; NAV-5001; O-587) – dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) and single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) enhancer https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800008111
• Apomorphine (Aporon) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800044317
• Apomorphine sublingual film (APL-130277; Kynmobi) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800031602
• Bemdaneprocel (BRT-DA01; DA-01; MSK-DA01; pluripotent stem cell derived dopaminergic neurons) – dopaminergic cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800061747
• Buntanetap ((+)-(3aR)-phenserine; (+)-phenserine; ANVS-401; ANVS-405; ANVS402; posiphen) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021506
• 18F-LBT-999 ([18F]-LBT-999; LBT-999) – dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) and positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054769
• Nabilone controlled release (Nabilone FDT) – cannabinoid CB₁ and CB₂ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800039582
• Pramipexole/rasagiline (P2B-001; rasagiline/pramipexole) – combination of pramipexole (dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist) and rasagiline (MAO-B inhibitor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800034181
• Remlifanserin (ACP-204) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist – Parkinson's disease psychosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800069816
• Solengepras (CVN-424) – G protein-coupled receptor 6 (GPR6) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052918
• Tavapadon (CVL-751; PF-6649751; PF-06649751) – dopamine D₁ and D₅ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800039248

Phase 2/3

• BHV-8000 (TLL-041) – Janus kinase 1 inhibitor and TYK2 kinase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800072998
• Mesdopetam (IRL-790) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800044801

Phase 2

• 18F PI-2620 ([18F]PI-2620; PI-2620) – positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800049185
• AB-1005 (AAV2-GDNF; AMT-140; adeno-associated-virus-GDNF therapy) – gene transference and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800038467
• Affitope PD01 (ACI-7104; ACI-7104.056; Affitope-PD01A; PD-01; PD-01A) – peptide vaccine against α-synuclein https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800035905
• Altropane ¹²³I (dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging radiopharmaceutical) – dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) and single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) enhancer – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800067999
• Apomorphine inhalation (AZ-009; Staccato® Apomorphine) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054003
• Apomorphine intranasal (AL-101) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800065343
• Aprepitant/pramipexole (ALTO-208; CTC-413) – combination of aprepitant (neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist) and pramipexole (dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800082558
• Bezisterim (17α-ethynyl-5-androstene-3β,7β,17β-triol; HE-3286; NE-3107; Triolex) – undefined mechanism of action (synthetic androstenetriol analogue and anti-inflammatory) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021683
• Blarcamesine (AE-37; ANA001; ANAVEX 2-73) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor agonist, and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033840
• Buspirone/zolmitriptan (AV-2860; JM-010) – combination of buspirone (serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist and other actions) and zolmitriptan (serotonin 5-HT_1B and 5-HT_1D receptor agonist) – drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800042476
• Carbidopa/levodopa (DopaFuse; levodopa/carbidopa continuous release) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043508
• Carbidopa/levodopa intranasal (INP-107; POD™ carbidopa/levodopa) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054751
• DA-9805 – antioxidant and mitochondrial protein modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800051884
• Deferiprone (CGP-37391; CMX-001; CP-020; CP-20; CRMD-001; Ferriprox; Kelfer; L1; Upkanz) – chelating agent https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000967
• EPI-589 ((R)-troloxamide quinone; kinoquinone) – NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) modulator and antioxidant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800039850
• FNP-150 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800068481
• Gemfibrozil (FHL-301) – peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800074423
• Glovadalen (UCB-0022) – dopamine D₁ receptor positive allosteric modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800063604
• GRF-6021 (AKST-6021) – plasma protein fraction and neurogenesis stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053206
• ION-859 (BIIB-094; ION859; IONIS-BIIB7Rx) – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055045
• Lazucirnon (AKST-4290; ALK-429; ALK-4290) – chemokine CCL11 inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800051215
• Levetiracetam low-dose (AGB-101) – synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040981
• Levodopa (TR-012001) – dopamine precursor and indirect non-selective dopamine receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800077184
• Levodopa intranasal (INP103; POD™ levodopa) – dopamine precursor and indirect non-selective dopamine receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800048456
• Matsupexole (AM006; KDT-3594) – dopamine receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800045528
• Minzasolmin (DLX-313; UCB-0599) – α-synuclein misfolding inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050436
• Nilotinib (KFRX-01) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and discoidin domain receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800064612
• Pariceract (BIA 28-6156; LTI-291) – β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040602
• Pegsebrenatide (NLY-01; Olaedin; pegylated exenatide; TLY-001) – glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP₁R) agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052361
• Pirepemat (IRL-752) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800044794
• Pramipexole – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052837
• Prasinezumab (NEOD-002; PRX-002; RG-7935; RO-7046015) – monoclonal antibody against α-synuclein https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040327
• Pridopidine (ACR-16; ASP-2314; FR-310826; Huntexil; Nurzigma; TV-7820) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800017494
• Radotinib (IY-5511; Supect) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032506
• Risvodetinib (Ikt-148009; IkT148009; risvo) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800056233
• Squalamine (ENT-01; Enterin-01; kenterin) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800048881
• Usnoflast (ZYIL-1) – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800061131
• Vodobatinib (K-0706; SCO-088; SUN-K706; SUN-K0706) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800042314
• VTX-3232 – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800067160
• Vutiglabridin (HSG-4112) – paraoxonase 2 (PON2) agonist and glabridin analogue https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052319
• WID-2101 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800062381
• XJN-010 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800084411

Phase 1/2

• Ambroxol – β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activator and/or chaperone https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800076949
• ANPD-001 (A9-line dopamine neuron therapy) – dopaminergic cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800068151
• CT1-DAP001/DSP-1083 (allo iPS cell-derived dopamine neural progenitor) – dopaminergic cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052662
• EC-5026 (BPN-19186) – epoxide hydrolase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800046803
• HER-096 (CDNF; cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor; rhCDNF) – neuron modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050405
• IPT-803 – dopamine modulator and opioid receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800051195
• Liposomal GM1 (GM1-Gangliosid; Talineuren; TLGM-1; TLN-1; TLSG-1) – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800049553
• NouvNeu-001 (human dopaminergic progenitor cells) – cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800076558
• TED-A9 (A9-DPC; allogenic embryonic stem cell-derived A9 dopamine progenitor cell therapy; TED-A9) – dopaminergic cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800073991
• Trapidil (SB-0107) – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800065651
• XC-130 (XC130; XC130-A10H) – dopamine receptor agonist, other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800051261

Phase 1

• ABL-301 (SAR-446159) – bispecific antibody against α-synuclein https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800060383
• ALS-205 (PMX-205) – complement C5a receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023135
• ALX-001 (BMS-984923) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor silent allosteric modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800061875
• ARV-102 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800073360
• ATH-399A (DWP-307399; HL-192) – nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (NR4A2) agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800073918
• CT-2500 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800065870
• FB-418 – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800071821
• GT-02287 – β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activator and/or chaperone https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800063603
• HL-400 – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800082462
• HNC-364 (rasagiline prodrug) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800070024
• Human amniotic epithelial cell therapy - Shanghai iCELL Biotechnology (hAECs; hAESCs) – cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800049952
• JNJ-0376 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800073559
• JX-2105 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800079319
• Lu AF28996 (Lu AF-28996) – dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052344
• LY-3962681 – RNA interference and α-synuclein expression modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800079505
• MEDI-1341 (TAK-341) – monoclonal antibody against α-synuclein https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050181
• NEU-723 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800068002
• NN-9001 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800075090
• PK-081 – α-synuclein degrader https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800075498
• Selnoflast (NLRP3i; RG-6418; RO-7486967; Somalix) – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800066158
• TRN-501 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800078599
• VQ-101 – glucosylceramidase stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800075882
• WID-2301 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800074603
• WIT-2001 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800062385

Preclinical

• AB-5006 (AX-5006) – Escherichia coli csgA protein aggregation inhibitor and gastrointestinal microbiome modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800065922
• AEX-23 – orexin OX₁ receptor agonist and α-synuclein aggregate/modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800080081
• Afamelanotide ([Nle4,DPhe7]-α-MSH; CUV-1647; EPT-1647; Melanotan I; Melanotan; MT-I; Prenumbra; Scenesse) – melanocortin receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800004283
• Alpha-synuclein aggregation inhibitor (ACI-5755; morphomer α-synuclein) – α-synuclein inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054207
• BEBT-758 – RNA interference and α-synuclein expression inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800081048
• Bevemipretide (SBT-272) – cardiolipin ligand and stabilizer https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054265
• BSC-3301 – receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800074290
• BXQ-350 (SapC; SapC-DOPS; sphingolipid activator protein C) – sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase stimulant and sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800047877
• Cannabidiol (CBD) – cannabinoid receptor modulator and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800080008
• Carbon monoxide (CO; HBI-002) – heme oxygenase 1 modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054672
• CB-401 – amyloid β-protein modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800075237
• CBT-102 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800078193
• CJRB-301 (MRx-0005) – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800067531
• CJRB-302 (MRx-0029) – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800067533
• CK-0803 – regulatory T-lymphocyte replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800064335
• CU-13001 – 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800079064
• EHP-102 (VCE-003.2) – cannabinoid CB₂ receptor agonist and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) modulator (cannabigerol (CBG) derivative) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800057365
• FHL-401 – toll-like receptor 2 antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800074694
• FHL-701 – interleukin-12 (IL-12) subunit p40 inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800074704
• FKK-01PD (FKK-01PD; TGHW-01AP; apomorphine prodrug) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029674
• HT-4403 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800074727
• IC-100 (ICCN-100) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800047350
• KFRX-05 (BK-40195) – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800079712
• KP-405 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800065000
• LB-P4 – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800064668
• Mbiotix – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800084098
• ML-021 – muscarinic acetylcholine M₄ receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800078267
• MP-201 – 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) prodrug and various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050485
• NB-003 – gene transference and parkin protein replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800075509
• NB-129 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800074292
• NLY-02 – glial cell inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055685
• NLY-03 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055686
• NNI-362 – 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055867
• NRG-5051 – mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800080370
• PMN-442 – monoclonal antibody against α-synuclein https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800067801
• PP-003 – α-synuclein degrader https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800064447
• Research programme: 3100 programme - DigmBio/Daegu Catholic University – G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) modulators https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800084369
• Research programme: enzyme targeted therapeutics - Nitrase Therapeutics – enzyme modulators and α-synuclein inhibitors https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053946
• Research programme: neurodegenerative disease therapeutics - Caraway Therapeutics – autophagy stimulants and MCOLN1 stimulants https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053360
• RGL-193 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800076956
• ST-502 – gene therapy and α-synuclein genetic transcription inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800057716
• Tomaralimab (NM-101; NM-102; NM-103; OPN-305) – monoclonal antibody against toll-like receptor 2 https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029873
• Zervimesine (CT-1812; Elayta) – sigma σ₂ receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043460

Research

• 1ST-103 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050639
• LXM-5 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800080842
• Parkinson's disease siRNA therapeutic - Argo Biopharma – RNA interference https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800077450
• Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapeutics - Beech Tree Labs (PD-A) – undefined mechanism of action – parkinsonian disorders https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800070665

Clinical phase unknown

• BT-0267 (BT-267) – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800076408

Not under development

Suspended

• Research programme: neuroinflammatory disorders therapeutics - Vasogen (VP-015) – cytokine modulators and immunomodulators https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023845

No development reported

• 4-Chlorokynurenine (4-CL-KYN; 7-CL-KYNA; AV-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800019948
• α-Synuclein picobody (a-syn-pico) – positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800045866
• A-86929 – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800008951
• AB-4166 – microbiome modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054253
• ACI-12589 – positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800062262
• Affitope-PD03 (PD03; PD03A) – α-synuclein inhibitor and immunostimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029372
• ANPD-002 (ANPD002) – dopaminergic cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800056868
• AP-472 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₄ receptor positive allosteric modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800065938
• Aplindore (DAB-452; palindore; SLS-006; WAY-DAB 452) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800016255
• Armesocarb (MLR-1019) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800034792
• Atuzaginstat (COR-388) – peptide hydrolase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800051077
• (ATV:α-synuclein; ATV:αSyn) – α-synuclein inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055087
• Autologous adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells - Hope Biosciences – cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055707
• AZ-001 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800057205
• Beperminogene perplasmid (AMG-0001; Collategene; hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy) – gene transference and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800015980
• BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) – nociceptin receptor (NOP) antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033400
• Cannabidiol/tetrahydrocannabinol (CBD/THC; CanChew; MedChew; THC/CBD) – cannabinoid CB₁ and CB₂ receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800044582
• Carbidopa/levodopa (WD-1603) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053519
• Carbidopa/levodopa oral solution (EXN-32) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800061144
• CM-4612 (CM-ADHD; CM-AT; CM-PK) – enzyme replacement and modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023722
• Crisdesalazine (AAD-2004) – microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032805
• CTx-GBA1 – gene transference https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800064627
• Cu(II)ATSM (copper(II)-ATSM; Cu-ATSM) – neuron modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800047523
• Debamestrocel (autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy; NurOwn) – dopaminergic cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800022859
• DNL-201 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050949
• Dopamine intranasal – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029699
• DX-0308 (DX-308) – retinoic acid metabolism modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800046357
• Emrusolmin (anle-138b; TEV-56286) – α-synuclein inhibitor and protein aggregation inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800046788
• ESB-1609 – sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800056918
• ESB-5070 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053810
• F-14413 – α₂-adrenergic receptor inverse agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800019997
• FB-101 (1ST-102) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050579
• Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) – fibroblast growth factor stimulant and angiogenesis-inducing agent https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800057083
• GO-101 – gene transference https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800064402
• GT-02329 – β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activator and/or chaperone https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800063606
• ISC-hpNSC (human parthenogenetic neural stem cells) – dopaminergic cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800044935
• Itanapraced (CHF-5074; CSP-1103) – γ-secretase modulator and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derivative lacking cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800030706
• Levodopa deuterated (deuterium-containing levodopa; SD-1077) – dopamine precursor and indirect non-selective dopamine receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040541
• Liatermin (BVF-014; GDNF; glial-derived neutrotrophic factor; r-metHuGDNF) – neuron stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800006587
• Lu-AE-04621 (Lu-AE04621) – dopamine receptor agonist (prodrug of Lu-AA40326) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800031909
• Masupirdine (SUVN-502; SUVN502) – serotonin 5-HT₆ receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800028819
• Mesocarb (MLR-1017) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043871
• MTK-458 – protein-serine-threonine kinase stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800062696
• NPT-200-11 (NPT200-11; UCB-1332) – α-synuclein inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800041956
• NPT-520-34 (NPT520-34) – 1-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase modulator and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054786
• ODM-104 – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800038179
• OP-101 (dendrimer N-acetylcysteine) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050821
• OP-501 – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055139
• Ordopidine (ACR-325) – low-affinity dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist and dopaminergic stabilizer https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800025217
• PD-04 (a-Syn-PD-04; Affitope PD-04; PD04) – peptide vaccine against α-synuclein https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800047719
• Rasagiline – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052849
• Rasagiline transdermal patch (TPU-002RA) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800041764
• Research programme: adenosine A2A/A1 selective antagonists - Domain Therapeutics/CleveXel Pharma (CVXL-0069; DT-1133; DT0926; FP-0692; FP-1133) – adenosine A₁ receptor antagonists and adenosine A_2A receptor antagonists https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800026417
• Research programme: catalytic antioxidants - Aeolus Pharmaceuticals (AEOL-10113; AEOL-11207) – antioxidants https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800013050
• Research programme: central nervous system therapeutics - Delpor – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800056254
• Research programme: cGAS/STING antagonists - IFM Due – nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800054093
• Research programme: COMT inhibitors - Avalo Therapeutics (AVTX-406; CERC-425; CERC-406) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800037766
• Research programme: dopamine D1 receptor agonists - Takeda – dopamine D₁ receptor agonists https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800017801
• Research programme: exosome therapeutics - ArunA Biomedical – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800051061
• Research programme: GPCR modulators - Nxera Pharma – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029765
• Research programme: KEAP1 inhibitors - Keapstone Therapeutics – Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) inhibitors https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053045
• Research programme: long-acting neuropsychiatric therapeutics - Teva (NP-201; NP-202; risperidone/ropinirole implants) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800024965
• Research programme: LRRK2 inhibitor - GlaxoSmithKline – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052604
• Research programme: LRRK2 inhibitors - Novartis – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800031123
• Research programme: neurodegenerative disorder gene therapies - Denali Therapeutics (AAV-LF2; CNS-directed AAV-based gene therapies) – gene transference https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053766
• Research programme: neurodegenerative disorders therapeutics - BioArctic Neuroscience (AD-0802; AD-1502; AD-2203; AE-1501; BAN-2203; BAN-2502; BAN2401 back-up) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023084
• Research programme: neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics - Celgene Corporation/Evotec (BMSxxx) – cell replacements https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800038842
• Research programme: neurodegenerative disease therapeutics - ProteoTech (DP-68; DP-74; PD-61-W3; PeptiClere; PTI-19; PTI-51; PTI-51-CH3; Synuclere; TauPro) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023984
• Research programme: neurological disorders therapeutics - Gloriana therapeutics (ECB-PD; ECT-PD; Meteorin; Ns-G34; NsG-0301; NsG-33) – glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor modulators https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800013146
• Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapeutics - Alectos Therapeutics – glucocerebrosidase 2 (GBA2) protein inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050022
• Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapies - Zymes (co-Q10; coenzyme Q10; ubidecarenone) – antioxidants https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033687
• Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapy - AbbVie – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor agonists https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800036183
• Research programme: positive allosteric modulators - Proximagen – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033384
• Research programme: protective autoimmunity enhancer - Proneuron Biotechnologies (PN-277) – immunomodulators https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800025664
• Research programme: protein phosphatase 2A modulators - Signum Biosciences (SIG-1012; SIG-1106) – protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029044
• Research programme: small molecule therapeutics - Amathus Therapeutics – mitochondrial protein stimulants https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053384
• Research programme: small molecule therapeutics - Aranda Pharma/Tarrex Biopharma (ADA-308; ADA-409; Backup; MDA-308; MDA-409) – androgen receptor antagonists https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800026939
• Research programme: transmembrane protein 175 agonists - AbbVie/Caraway Therapeutics – TMEM175 stimulants https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800064174
• Rotigotine controlled release (SER-214) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043562
• S-32504 – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800012906
• SAGE-324 (BIIB-124) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052702
• Saracatinib (AZD-0530) – Src-family kinase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800017685
• Selegiline transdermal (Emsam) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800013559
• SLS-004 (LV-dCas9-DNMT3A) – gene therapy and α-synuclein expression inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055223
• Sonlicromanol (KH-176) – prostaglandin-E synthase inhibitor and reactive oxygen species modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043251
• SPN-803 (SPN803) – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029757
• STEL-101 (AMA-101; STL-101) – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052345
• UB-312 – immunostimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055880
• YKP-10461 (SKL-PD; YKP10461) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043893
• YTX-7739 – stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800056208
• Xenon (NBTX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800045102

Discontinued

• 2-BUMP – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800005140
• A-77636 – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800002413
• Acamprosate/baclofen (PXT-864) – combination of acamprosate (various actions) and baclofen (GABA_B receptor agonist) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040823
• Adrogolide (ABT-431; DAS-431; A-86929 O,O′-diacetate) – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist (prodrug of A-86929) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800006590
• AP-001 – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800038800
• Apomorphine inhalation (VR-004; VR-040; VR-400) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800018754
• Apomorphine intranasal – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800017357
• Apomorphine subcutaneous (ND-0701) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800041016
• Apomorphine transdermal patch – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021103
• Arimoclomol (BRX-345; Miplyffa; OR-01; OR-04) – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800016664
• Arundic acid (Arocyte Injection; Cereact Capsule; MK-0724; ONO-2506; Proglia) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800011094
• Atomoxetine (LY-139603; Strattera; Tomoxetine) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000561
• AVE-8112 (AVE8112; AVE-8112A) – phosphodiesterase PDE4 inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023189
• AX-201 (AX201) – nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800018792
• Bifeprunox (DU-127090) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist and dopamine D₂ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014331
• BP-897 – dopamine D₃ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800012397
• Carbidopa/levodopa (AP-09004; AP-CD/LD) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800030365
• CEP-1347 (KT-7515) – mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor and mixed-lineage kinase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800004793
• CERE-120 (AAV-NRTN; AAV-NTN; AAV2-neurturin; AAV2-NTN; neurturin gene therapy) – gene therapy, nerve tissue protein modulator, and neurturin agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800009364
• Cinpanemab (BIIB-054) – monoclonal antibody against α-synuclein https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800042594
• CVXL-0107 – glutamate release inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800044284
• Dactolisib (BEZ-235; NVP-BEZ-235; NVP-BEZ235-ANA; NVP-BEZ235-NX; RTB-101) – 1-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor and mTOR inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800026094
• Davunetide intranasal (AL-108; NAP; NAPVSIPQ) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014948
• Dihydrexidine (DAR-0100) – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800017069
• Dihydrexidine (IP-202) – dopamine D₁ and D₅ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800005479
• DNS-7801 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050486
• Embryonic neural cell therapy-Parkinson's Disease - CellFactors (Parkinson's disease cell therapy) – dopaminergic cell replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800016110
• Emlenoflast (inzomelid; IZD-174; MCC-7840) – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800055306
• Entacapone (Comtan; Comtess; OR-611) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800002646
• Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (AMR-101; Ethyl-EPA; LAX-101; Miraxion; Vascepa; Vazkepa) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800015122
• Etrabamine (14-839JL; JL-14839) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800003368
• Ezaladcigene resoparvovec (AAV-AADC; AV-201; GZ-404477; NBIb-1817) – gene transference and aromatic-_L-amino-acid decarboxylase (AAAD) replacement https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800016997
• Fipamezole (BVF-025; JP-1730) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800012904
• Florbenazine F18 (18F-DTBZ; 18F-AV-133; 18F-FP-dihydrotatetrabenazine; AV-133) – vesticular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor and radiopharmaceutical – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800027191
• Foliglurax (PXT-2331; PXT002331) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₄ receptor positive allosteric modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800044176
• GYKI-52895 – dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001417
• Levetiracetam (Keppra; L-059; SIB-S1; UCB-059; UCB-22059; UCB-L059) – synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000703
• Lu-AA47070 (LU-AA-47070) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800027391
• Methylthioninium chloride (MTC; methylene blue; TRx-0014; TRx-014) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029068
• Naxagolide (L-647339) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800002657
• Nebicapone (BIA-3202) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800019832
• Nitecapone (OR-462) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
• Nitisinone (NTBC; Orfadin; SC-0735; SYN-118) – 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor and dopamine release stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800003660
• NPT-088 (NPT088) – immunoglobulin fusion general amyloid interaction motif (GAIM) based dimer https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800047497
• NPT-189 (NPT189) – immunoglobulin fusion protein https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052614
• NW-1048 – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800015001
• NYX-458 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800051517
• ODM-103 – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800036906
• Omigapil (CGP-3466; SNT-317; TCH-346) – glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800009613
• OPM-201 (S-221237) – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800068892
• OSU-6162 (OSU6162; PNU-9639; PNU-96391; PNU-96391A) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor partial agonist (non-hallucinogenic), dopamine D₂ receptor partial agonist, and sigma σ₁ receptor ligand (so-called "monoaminergic stabilizer") https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800008198
• Paliroden (SR-57667; SR-57667B) – nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800013042
• Pardoprunox (SLV-308; SME-308) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor full agonist, and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014329
• Parkinson's disease gene therapy - Oxford BioMedica (AXO Lenti PD; OXB-101; OXB-102; ProSavin) – gene transference https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800009676
• Pegipanermin (DN-TNF; INB-03; LIVNate™; Quellor™; soluble tumour necrosis factor inhibitor; XENP1595; XENP345; XPro 1595; XPro595; XProTM) – tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitor and immunostimulant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800046665
• PF-06412562 (CVL-562) – dopamine D₁ and D₅ receptor partial agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800038500
• Piclozotan (SUN-4057; SUN-N-4057) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist – dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800012319
• Preclamol ((–)-3-PPP) – dopamine D₂ receptor partial agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800005150
• Preladenant (MK-3814; privadenant; SCH-420814) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800006597
• Proxison – synthetic flavonoid-based antioxidant https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800045836
• Quinelorane (LY-163502) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001472
• Raseglurant (ADX-10059) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor negative allosteric modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023360
• Razpipadon (CVL-871; PF-6669571; PF-06669571; PW-0464) – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040959
• Renzapride (ATL-1251; AZM-112; BRL-24924) – serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT₄ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000619
• Research programme: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease diagnostic agents - Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals/TauRx – undefined mechanism of action – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032243
• Research programme: AMC therapeutics - Animuscure – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800084031
• Research programme: Ig fusion GAIM dimers - Proclara Biosciences (NPT-288; NPT-007; NPT-014; NPT-289) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800038063
• Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapeutics - Araclon Biotech (AB-03) – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800041817
• Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapies - Neose/Neuronyx – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014061
• Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapies - Proteome Systems (EUK-418) – free radical scavenger and oxygen radical scavenger https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800026284
• Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapeutics - TauRx Therapeutics (G2 PD; TRx 018) – synuclein inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800034425
• Research programme: protein aggregation inhibitors - Proclara Biosciences (NPT-001; NPT-002) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033782
• Riluzole (PK-26124; Rilutek; RP-54274) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800004952
• Ropinirole implant – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800050170
• Sarsasapogenin (Cogane; JNX-1001; PYM-50028; Smilagenin) – various actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800018933
• Sipagladenant (KW-6356) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800048106
• SPD-474 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800017359
• Sumanirole (PNU-95666; U-95666) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800006455
• TAK-065 – undefined mechanism of action https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800028311
• TAK-071 – muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor positive allosteric modulator https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800045374
• Tc 99m TRODAT-1 – single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) enhancer – diagnosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800017894
• Terguride (Dironyl; Mysalfon; SH-406; Teluron; transdihydrolisuride; VUFB-6638; ZK-31224) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000563
• Tozadenant (A2a-(3); RO4494351; SYN-115) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800025585
• Utreloxastat (EPI-857; PTC-857) – 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800057140
• Vipadenant (BG-14; BIIB-014; BIIB14; CEB-4520; V-2006; VER-11135; VER-A00-11; VER-A00049; VER-ADO-49; VR-2006) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800016777 https://synapse.patsnap.com/drug/c345f903f0424159a27dbca940ff07b2

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs

Dopamine precursors and related

• Carbidopa (Lodosyn) – aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor
• Carbidopa/levodopa (Crexont; IPX-203; IPX203) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800039343
• Foscarbidopa/foslevodopa (ABBV-951; foslevodopa/foscarbidopa; levodopa/carbidopa prodrug; Produodopa; Vyalev) – combination of foscarbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and foslevodopa (dopamine precursor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800048791
• Levodopa (CVT-301; CXG-89; Inbrija) – dopamine precursor and indirect non-selective dopamine receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800035430
• Levodopa/benserazide (co-beneldopa) (Madopar, Prolopa) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor) and benserazide (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor)
• Levodopa/carbidopa extended-release (GSK-587124; IPX-066; Numient; Patrome; Rytary) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor) and carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029821
• Levodopa/carbidopa intraduodenal (ABT-SLV187; carbidopa/levodopa enteral suspension; Duodopa; Duopa; LCIG; levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor) and carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014144
• Melevodopa/carbidopa (carbidopa/melevodopa; CHF-1512; CNP-1512; GT-1512; levodopa methyl ester/carbidopa; Sirio; V-1512) – combination of melevodopa (dopamine precursor) and carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800010247

Dopamine receptor agonists

• Apomorphine (Apofin; CHF-1526) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800010249
• Apomorphine subcutaneous (APO-go; Apokinon; Apokyn; Apomine; Britaject; KW-6500; Li Ke Ji; Movapo; Onapgotm; SPN-830) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800020307
• Bromocriptine (Parlodel) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
• Cabergoline (Dostinex) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
• Dihydroergocryptine (DHEC; Almirid; Cripar) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
• Lisuride (Dopergin) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
• Pergolide (Permax) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
• Piribedil (Trivastal, Pronoran) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
• Pramipexole (BI-Sifrol; Daquiran; Mirapex; Mirapexin; Pexola; Sifrol; SND-919; SND-919Y) – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001191
• Ropinirole (Adartrel; Repreve; Requip) – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001120
• Ropinirole (Requip CR; Requip LP; Requip XL; Requip XR; SKF-101468A) – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800026330
• Ropinirole transdermal (Haruropi Tape; HP-3000) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800041996
• Rotigotine transdermal (Leganto; N-0437; N-0923; Neupro; Neupro Patch; Nubrenza; SPM-962) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800012067
• Talipexole (BHT-920; Domin) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist and α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001261

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors

• Rasagiline (Agilect; AGN-1135; Azilect; Elbrus; Lu-00-773; TV-1030; TVP-101; TVP-1012) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800003287
• Safinamide (EMD-1195686; Equfina; FCE-26743; ME-2125; NW-1015; Onstryv; PNU-151774; Xadago; ZP-034) – reversible monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800009612
• Selegiline (Eldepryl, Jumex) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor and other actions
• Selegiline orally disintegrating tablet (Efupi; FPF-1100-NW; selegiline ODT) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor and other actions https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800045473

Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors

• Entacapone (Comtan) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
• Opicapone (BIA 9-1067; BIA-91067; Ongentys; ONO-2370) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800031698
• Tolcapone (RO-407592; Tasmar) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001475

Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action

• Amantadine (Symmetrel) – unknown mechanism of action and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist (indirect dopaminergic agent)
• Amantadine extended release (ADS-5101; ADS-5102; Gocovri; Nurelin) – unknown mechanism of action and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist (indirect dopaminergic agent) – drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800030738
• Budipine (BY-701; Parkinsan) – unknown mechanism of action and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800003459

Combination drugs

• Carbidopa/entacapone/levodopa (LECIGel; LECIGon; Lecigon; Trigel) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor), entacapone (catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor), and levodopa (dopamine precursor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800042685
• Levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (ELC-200; Stalevo; Stavelo) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor), carbidopa (aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor), and entacapone (catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800016186

Other drugs

• Istradefylline (KW-6002; Nourianz; Nouriast) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800006318
• Pimavanserin (ACP-103; BVF-048; Nuplazid) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist – Parkinson's disease psychosis https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997

Withdrawn drugs

• Amantadine extended release (ALLAY-LID; OS-320; Osmolex ER) – unknown mechanism of action and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist (indirect dopaminergic agent) https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800041414

Off-label drugs

• Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) – cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease
• Anticholinergics (antimuscarinics/muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists) (e.g., trihexyphenidyl, procyclidine, diphenhydramine, benztropine, ethopropazine, cycrimine, biperiden, others)
• Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, others) – depression in Parkinson's disease
• Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, quetiapine) – Parkinson's disease psychosis
• Hypnotics (e.g., eszopiclone, melatonin – insomnia in Parkinson's disease
• Memantine (Namenda) – cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease
• Serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin)
• Stimulants and related (e.g., methylphenidate, modafinil) – fatigue and apathy in Parkinson's disease
• Wakefulness-promoting agents (e.g., caffeine, modafinil) – excessive sleepiness in Parkinson's disease

See also

• Lists of investigational drugs
• List of investigational restless legs syndrome drugs

References

External links

• AdisInsight - Springer