There are seven verb paradigms or speech levels in Korean, and each level has its own unique set of verb endings which are used to indicate the level of formality of a situation. Unlike honorifics â which are used to show respect towards someone mentioned in a sentence â speech levels are used to show respect towards a speaker's or writer's audience, or reflect the formality or informality of the situation. They represent a system of honorifics in the linguistic use of the term as a grammar system, distinct from honorific titles.
The names of the seven levels are derived from the non-honorific imperative form of the verb hada (; "to do") in each level, plus the suffix che (), which means "style". Each Korean speech level can be combined with honorific or non-honorific noun and verb forms. Taken together, there are 14 combinations.
Some of these speech levels are disappearing from the majority of Korean speech. Hasoseo-che is now used mainly in movies or dramas set in the Joseon era and in religious speech. Hage-che is nowadays limited to some modern male speech, whilst Hao-che is now found more commonly in the Jeolla dialect and Pyongan dialect than in the Seoul dialect.
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</div> Very formally polite<br> Traditionally used when addressing a king, queen, or high official.
When the infix op / saop , jaop (ìµ; after a vowel / 쓵 , ìÂÂìµ; after a consonant) or sap / jap (ì½ / ì¡) or sao / jao (쓤 / ìÂÂì¤) is inserted, the politeness level also becomes very high. hanaida () becomes haomnaida (; non-honorific present declarative very formally very polite), hasinaida () becomes hasiomnaida (; honorific present declarative very formally very polite). The imperative form hasoseo () also becomes haopsoseo (; non-honorific imperative very formally very polite) and hasiopsoseo (; honorific imperative very formally very polite). It is used now:
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</div> Formally polite<br> This conversational style is generally called either the "formal" or the "formal polite". Another name for this is hapsyo-che or éì¼체. This is a common style of speaking. A conversation with a stranger will generally start out in this style and gradually fade into more and more frequent haeyo-che. It is used
The middle levels are used when there is some conflict or uncertainty about the social status of one or both participants in a conversation. The hage-che and hao-che are being replaced by or merging with haeyo-che.
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</div> Casually polite<br> This speech style is called the "polite" style in English. Like the ô체 Hae-che, it exhibits no inflection for most expected forms. Unlike other speech styles, basic conjugations for the declarative, interrogative and imperative forms are identical, depending on intonation and context or other additional suffixes. Most Korean phrasebooks for foreigners follow this speech style due to its simplicity and proper politeness. Second person pronouns are generally omitted in the polite speech styles. (See Korean pronouns.) It is used:
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</div> Formally neither polite nor impolite<br> This conversational style is called the "semi-formal", "middle", "formal lateral", or "authoritarian" style in English. In Seoul, the ì¼ -syo ending is frequently pronounced ì su. It is similar to the ÃÂÂìÂÂìÂÂì¤체 Hasipsio-che, but does not lower oneself to show humility. It was originally a refined, poetic style that people resorted to in ambiguous social situations. Until the end of the nineteenth century, it was used widely in the ways the polite style is used now; but with the emergence of the polite style, the range of the semiformal style narrowed, and it became a style used only with inferiors. Further, due to its over-use by authority figures during Korea's period of dictatorship, it became associated with power and bureaucracy and gained a negative connotation. Consequently, this style has almost completely fallen out of use in modern South Korea, and the generation of Koreans who came of age after democratization also conspicuously avoid using it. In North Korean standard Korean (munhwaà Â) it is still used when talking to equals who may be addressed by ëÂÂ무 dongmu ("comrade"). It is used:
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</div> Neither formal nor casual, neither polite nor impolite<br> This conversational style is called the "familiar." It is intermediate in politeness between haeyo-che and hae-che. It is not used to address children, and is never used to address blood relatives. It is used only:
The hae-che and haera-che styles are frequently mixed together in the same conversation, so much so that it can be hard to tell what verb endings belong to which style. Endings that may be used in either style are:
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</div> Formally impolite<br> This conversational style is generally called the "plain" style. In writing and quoting, the plain style is the equivalent of the third person. Any other written style would feel like a first-person account (that is, anything else would seem to be told in the main character's own voice). It is used:
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</div> Casually impolite<br> This conversational style is called the "intimate" in English. Like the ôìÂÂì²´ Haeyo-che, it exhibits no inflection for most expected forms. Basic conjugations for the declarative, interrogative and imperative forms are identical, depending on intonation and context or other additional suffixes. It is used:
Raises the addressee very highly.
Raises the addressee highly.
Raises the addressee moderately.
Lowers the addressee moderately.
Lowers the addressee.
Raises the addressee moderately.
Lowers the addressee or does not raise the addressee.