Jalal al-Din or JalÃÂl ad-Dën (Turki/Kypchak and Persian: ìÃÂçàçÃÂïÃÂÃÂ; Polish: Dà ¼alal ad-Din; 1380âÂÂ1412) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1411 to 1412. He was the son of Tokhtamysh, Khan of the Golden Horde until 1395, by ṬaghÃÂy Beg Khatun, the daughter of ḤÃÂjjë Beg. In Russian texts, he is also known as Zeleni-Saltan, sometimes translated as 'Green Sultan'.
After being dethroned by the beglerbeg Edigu and replaced with Tëmà «r-Qutluq, Tokhtamysh had attempted to regain his throne with Lithuanian aid, but was defeated in 1399. He continued his resistance from Sibir until he was killed against Edigu in 1406. Tokhtamysh's sons, including JalÃÂl ad-Dën, sought refuge at the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasilij I DmitrieviÃÂ, who refused to extradite them. During Edigu's attack on Moscow, Vasilij intended to use Tokhtamysh's sons to counterattack and undermine the enemy at its capital, Sarai. Indeed, one of Tokhtamysh's sons, Karëm Berdi succeeded in briefly driving out Edigu's khan Pà «lÃÂd from the city in 1409. Edigu was forced to abandon his siege of Moscow to recover control of Sarai.
Subsequently, JalÃÂl ad-Dën went to Lithuania, seeking support from the Lithuanian Grand Prince Vytautas. In 1410, he fought under Vytautas in the victorious Battle of Grunwald against the Teutonic Order. JalÃÂl ad-Dën commanded a Tatar unit on the right wing of the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
In unclear circumstances JalÃÂl ad-Dën raided into the Golden Horde from Lithuania in 1411, killing in battle Edigu's khan, Pà «lÃÂd, but was unable to establish himself in power at the time. Edigu made Pà «lÃÂd's brother Tëmà «r the new khan, but the latter harnessed a reaction against Edigu, causing him to flee to Khwarazm. As the new khan was preoccupied with Edigu in the east, JalÃÂl ad-Dën and his brothers saw an opportunity to recover their father's throne. With Lithuanian support, the brothers raided into the Golden Horde in 1411, first seizing Crimea, then advancing on Sarai and driving out Tëmà «r Khan. JalÃÂl ad-Dën now became khan, and determined to eliminate Tëmà «r, who had joined his own troops besieging Edigu in Khwarazm. Tëmà «r commenced a march against JalÃÂl ad-Dën, but saw much of his force desert to the enemy, and turned to flight. JalÃÂl ad-Dën convinced Tëmà «r's emir GhÃÂzÃÂn, married to one of JalÃÂl ad-Dën's sisters, to murder the fugitive khan in late 1411 or early 1412.
JalÃÂl ad-Dën rewarded GhÃÂzÃÂn by making him beglerbeg, and entrusted him a force to attack Edigu, whose son Sulá¹ÂÃÂn-Maḥmà «d was JalÃÂl ad-Dën's nephew; in exchange for Sulá¹ÂÃÂn-Maḥmà «d, the new khan promised Edigu peace. Assured of Edigu's promised compliance, GhÃÂzÃÂn returned to the khan, who, distrusting Edigu, sent a new force against him, under Qajulay. Despite his superiority in numbers, Qajulay was defeated and killed by Edigu with a stratagem. His failure to eliminate Edigu and his son Nà «r ad-Dën notwithstanding, JalÃÂl ad-Dën seemingly consolidated his position in the Golden Horde, issuing coins at (old) Astrakhan and Bolghar. He demanded that his former protector, Grand Prince Vasilij II of Moscow, cede Nià ¾nij Novgorod back to the descendants of its ruling line, and both Vasilij of Moscow and Ivan Mihajloviàof Tver' set out for the khan's court to assuage him in person. By the time they arrived, however, JalÃÂl ad-Dën was dead, before October 27, 1412.
JalÃÂl ad-Dën is characterized by Muÿën-ad-Dën Naá¹Âanzë as worthy, respectable, handsome, well-spoken, and given to council with worthy people. However, his good fortune and personal bravery caused him to abandon caution. This allowed him to be murdered at night on his very throne by his envious brother Sulá¹ÂÃÂn-Muḥammad. The fratricide is variously identified as Karëm Berdi or Kebek or JabbÃÂr Berdi, each of whom reigned for a short while after JalÃÂl ad-Dën; the manner of his death is also given as being killed in battle against one of his brothers, or shot with an arrow by one of his brothers during a battle against Edigu. He reigned for about a year, dying before October 27, 1412.
According to the Muÿizz al-ansÃÂb, JalÃÂl ad-Dën had two sons: Abà «-Saÿëd and AmÃÂn-Bëk. The TawÃÂrëḫ-i guzëdah-i nuá¹£rat-nÃÂmah mentions only the first of the two.