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List of rulers of Brittany

This is a list of rulers of Brittany. In different epochs the rulers of Brittany were kings, princes, and dukes. The Breton ruler was sometimes elected, sometimes attained the position by conquest or intrigue, or by hereditary right. Hereditary dukes were sometimes a female ruler, carrying the title duchesse of Brittany. Its principal cities and regions were ruled by counts who often found themselves in conflict with the Breton ruler, or who became the Breton ruler.

During the declining years of the Roman Empire, the earliest Breton rulers in Gaul were styled "kings" of the small realms of Cornouaille and Domnonée. Some such kings may have had a form of hegemony over all of the Brythonic populations in the Armorican peninsula, and Riothamus is called King of the Britons by the chronicler Jordanes. However, there are no certain rulers of the whole of Brittany, which was divided into the fiefdoms of local counts.

The Duchy of Brittany had its origins in the Battle of Trans-la-Forêt of 939, which established the river Couesnon as the boundary between Brittany and Normandy. In 942, Alan II paid homage to Louis IV of France; however, the duchy did not gain royal attention until 1123, when Louis VI of France confirmed the bishop of Nantes. No other Duke of Brittany repeated Alan II's homage until Arthur I recognised Philip II of France as his liege in 1202.

The area was often called a Duchy, and its monarchs were considered independent Sovereign Dukes. However, one historical view is that before the middle of the 12th century the Dukes of Brittany were often also called Counts by the Kings of France, as the kingdom of France then saw Brittany as no more than a county. In 1297, the peninsula was elevated into a Duchy in the peerage of France. This view is not consistent with the manner in which Charles VIII of France and then Louis XII of France approached the Duchy and the rights of Anne of Brittany who married each in succession.

Early Breton monarchs

Dukes of Brittany

Dukes under the Carolingians

  • Nominoe (or Nevenoe) ( 841–851), as a missus dominicus of the Emperor Louis the Pious, a count of Vannes (Gwened) and arguably a duke (dux) of Brittany
  • Erispoe ( 851–857), as a duke, then as a king
  • Salomon (or Salaun) ( 857–874), as a duke, then a king
  • Pasquitan (or Paskweten) ( 874–877), ruling Brittany (southern part) with Gurvand
  • Gurvand ( 874–877), ruling Brittany (northern part) with Pasquitan
  • Judicael ( 877–888), successor of Gurvand, ruled Brittany (north) with Alan the Great (south)
  • Alan the Great (reigned from 877 to 888 with Judicaël, alone as a duke, then as a king up to 907)
  • Gourmaëlon, Count of Cornouaille (reigned from 907 as a guardian of the kingdom)

The succession was interrupted by the Viking occupation (913–937)

House of Nantes

|width=auto| Alan II<br/>the Fox<br/>(Alan al Louarn)<br/>938–952 | | before 919<br/>son of Mathuedoi, Count of Poher, and a daughter of Alan I | (1) Roscille of Anjou<br/>943<br/>(2) ? of Blois<br/>bef. 949/51<br/>one son | 952<br/>Nantes<br/>aged about 33 |- |width=auto| Drogo<br/>(Drogon)<br/>952–958 | | 949/52<br/>only legitimate son of Alan II | never married | 958<br/>Angers<br/>aged 5–9 |- |width=auto| Hoël I<br/>(Hoel Iañ )<br/>958–981 | | ?<br/>illegitimate son of Alan II and the "noble" Judith | never married | 981<br/> |-

|width=auto| Guerech<br/>(Guerech Iañ)<br/>981–988 | | ?<br/>illegitimate son of Alan II and the "noble" Judith, younger brother of Hoël I | Aremburga of Ancenis<br/>after 981<br/>one son | 988<br/> |- |width=auto| Alan<br/>(Alan Breizh)<br/>988–990 | | after 981<br/>son of Guerech and Aremburga of Ancenis | never married | 990 |-

House of Rennes

|width=auto| Conan I<br/>(Konan Iañ)<br/>990–992 | | 927<br/>eldest son of Judicael Berengar, Count of Rennes and Gerberga | Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou<br/>973<br/>five children | 27 June 992<br/>Conquereuil<br/>aged 64–65 |- |width=auto| Geoffrey I<br/>(Jafrez Iañ )<br/>992–1008 | | 980<br/>eldest son of Conan I and Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou | Hawise of Normandy<br/>996<br/>four children | 20 November 1008<br/>aged 27–28 |- |width=auto| Alan III<br/>(Alan III)<br/>1008–1040<br/>with Odo I as regent, then co-ruler (1008–1034) | | 997<br/>eldest son of Geoffrey I and Hawise of Normandy | Bertha of Blois<br/>1018<br/>two children | 1 October 1040<br/>Montgommery<br/>aged 42–43 |- |width=auto| Odo I<br/>(Eozen I)<br/>1008–1034<br/>as regent, then co-ruler to Alan III | | 999<br/>second son of Geoffrey I and Hawise of Normandy | Orguen of Cornouaille<br/>six children | 1079<br/>Cesson<br/>aged 79–80 |- |width=auto| Conan II<br/>(Konan II)<br/>1040–1066<br/>with Odo I as regent (1040–1057) | | 1033<br/>only son of Alan III and Bertha of Blois | never married | 11 December 1066<br/>Château-Gontier<br/>aged 32–33 |- |width=auto| Hawise<br/>(Hawiz)<br/>1066–1072<br/><small>with Hoël II </small> | | 1037<br/>only daughter of Alan III and Bertha of Blois | rowspan="2"| 1066<br/>seven children | 19 August 1072<br/>aged 34–35 |- |width=auto| Hoël II<br/>(Hoël II)<br/>1066–1072<br/>with Hawise | | 1031<br/>eldest son of Alain Canhiart, Count of Cornouaille and Judith of Nantes, descendant of Alan II | 13 April 1084<br/>aged 52–53 |-

House of Cornouaille

|width=auto| Alan IV<br/>the Younger<br/>(Alan IV Fergant )<br/>1072–1112<br/><small>with Hoël II as regent<br/>(1072–1084)</small> | | bef. 1060<br/>eldest son of Hoël II and Hawise | (1) Constance of Normandy<br/>1086/88<br/>no issue<br/>(2) Ermengarde of Anjou<br/>1093<br/>three children | 13 October 1119<br/>Redon Abbey<br/>aged 60s |- |width=auto| Conan III<br/>the Fat<br/>(Konan III)<br/>1112–1148 | | 1093–1096<br/>eldest son of Alan IV and Ermengarde of Anjou | Maud FitzRoy<br/>1112<br/>three children | 17 September 1148<br/>aged 54–58 |- |width=auto| Bertha<br/>(Berta)<br/>1148–1156<br/><small>with Odo II </small> | | 1114<br/>eldest daughter of Conan III and Maud FitzRoy | (1) Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond<br/>1137/8<br/>three children<br/>(2) Odo II<br/>1148<br/>three children | 1156<br/>aged 41–43 |- |width=auto| Odo II<br/>(Eozen II)<br/>1148–1156<br/><small>with Bertha </small> | | ?<br/>eldest son of Geoffrey, Viscount of Porhoet and Hawise | (1) Bertha<br/>1148<br/>three children<br/>(2) Joan-Eleanor of Léon<br/>August 1167<br/>two or three children | 1170<br/> |-

House of Penthièvre

|width=auto| Conan IV the Black<br/>(Konan IV)<br/>1156–1166 | | 1138<br/>only son of Alan of Penthièvre, 1st Earl of Richmond and Bertha | Margaret of Huntingdon<br/>1160<br/>one daughter | 20 February 1171<br/>aged 33 |- |width=auto| Constance<br/>(Konstanza)<br/>1166–1201<br/><small>with Geoffrey II<br/>(1181–1186)<br/>with Arthur I<br/>(1196–1201)<br/>with Guy<br/>(1199–1201)</small> | | 1161<br/>daughter of Conan IV and Margaret of Huntingdon | (1) Geoffrey II<br/>July 1181<br/>three children<br/>(2) Ranulf<br/>3 February 1188<br/>no issue<br/>(3) Guy of Thouars<br/>October 1199<br/>two or three daughters | 5 September 1201<br/>Nantes<br/>aged 40 |- |width=auto| Geoffrey II<br/>(Jafrez II)<br/>1181–1186<br/><small>with Constance </small> | | 23 September 1158<br/>fourth son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine | Constance<br/>July 1181<br/>three children | 19 August 1186<br/>Paris, France<br/>aged 27 |- |width=auto| Guy<br/>(Gi)<br/><small>1199–1201<br/>1203–1213<br/>with Constance<br/>(1199–1201)<br/>with Alix<br/>(1203–1213)</small> | | birth date unknown<br/>second son of Aimery IV of Thouars and Aénor of Lusignan | (1) Constance<br/>October 1199<br/>two or three daughters<br/>(2) Eustachie of Chemillé<br/>1203<br/>two sons | 13 April 1213<br/>Chemillé, France |-

House of Plantagenet

|width=auto| Arthur I<br/>(Arzhur Iañ)<br/>1196–1203<br/><small>with Constance<br/>(1196–1201)</small> | | 29 March 1187<br/>in Nantes,<br/>only son of Geoffrey II and Constance | never married | Disappeared in captivity aged 16; fate unknown |-

Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, eldest daughter of Geoffrey and Constance and full elder sister of Arthur, also unmarried, was prevented from succession by her imprisonment in England which lasted till her death in 1241, thus was merely a titular duchess from 1208 to 1214 when John, King of England ceased to support her claim.

House of Thouars

|width=auto| Alix<br/>(Alis)<br/>1203–1221<br/><small>with Guy as regent<br/>(1203–1213)<br/>with Peter I<br/>(1213–1221)</small> | | 1200<br/>eldest daughter of Guy and Constance | Peter I<br/>1213<br/>three children | 21 October 1221<br/>aged 21 |- |width=auto| Peter I<br/>Mauclerc<br/>(Pêr Iañ)<br/>1213–1221<br/><small>with Alix</small> | | 1190<br/>second son of Robert II of Dreux and Yolanda de Coucy | (1) Alix<br/>1213<br/>three children<br/>(2) Nicole<br/> 1230<br/>one son<br/>(3) Marguerite de Commequiers<br/>bef. January 1236<br/>no issue | 6 July 1250<br/>sea off Damietta<br/>aged 59–60 |-

House of Dreux

|width=auto| John I<br/>the Red<br/>(Yann Iañ ar Ruz)<br/>1221–1286<br/><small>with Peter I as regent<br/>(1221–1237)</small> | | 1217/18<br/>eldest son of Peter I and Alix | Blanche of Navarre<br/>Château-Thierry, Aisne<br/>16 January 1236<br/>eight children | 8 October 1286<br/>Château de l'Isle, Férel, Morbihan<br/>aged 67–69 |- |width=auto| John II<br/>(Yann II)<br/>1286–1305 | | 3/4 January 1239<br/>eldest son of John I and Blanche of Navarre | Beatrice of England<br/>Westminster Abbey, London<br/>25 December 1260<br/>eight children | 16 November 1305<br/>Lyon<br/>aged 66 |- |width=auto| Arthur II<br/>(Arzhur II)<br/>1305–1312 | | 2 July 1262<br/>eldest son of John II and Beatrice of England | (1) Marie of Limoges<br/>Tours<br/>1277<br/>three children<br/>(2) Yolande of Dreux<br/>May 1292<br/>six children | 27 August 1312<br/>Château de l'Isle, Férel, Morbihan<br/>aged 50 |- |width=auto| John III<br/>the Good<br/>(Yann III)<br/>1312–1341 | | 8 March 1286<br/>Château de Champtoceaux, Maine-et-Loire<br/>eldest son of Arthur II and Marie of Limoges | (1) Isabella of Valois<br/>18 February 1298<br/>no issue<br/>(2) Isabella of Castile and León<br/>Burgos<br/>21 June 1310<br/>no issue<br/>(3) Joan of Savoy<br/>Chartres<br/>21 March 1330<br/>no issue | 30 April 1341<br/>Caen<br/>aged 55

Breton War of Succession

|width=auto| Joan<br/>the Lame<br/>(Janed)<br/>1341–1364<br/><small>with Charles I </small> | | 1319<br/>only daughter of Guy of Brittany, Count of Penthièvre and Joan of Avaugour | rowspan="2"| Paris<br/>4 June 1337<br/>five children | 10 September 1384<br/>Guingamp<br/>aged 64–65 |- |width=auto| Charles I<br/>(Charlez Iañ)<br/>1341–1364<br/><small>with Joan </small> | | 1319<br/>Blois<br/>second son of Guy I, Count of Blois and Margaret of Valois | 29 September 1364<br/>Auray<br/>aged 44–45 |- |width=auto| John (IV) of Montfort<br/>(Yann IV Moñforzh)<br/>May 1341–1345 | | 1293<br/>only son of Arthur II and Yolande de Dreux | Joanna of Flanders<br/>Chartres<br/>March 1329<br/>two children | 26 September 1345<br/>Château d'Hennebon, Hennebont<br/>aged 51–52 |- |width=auto| John (V) of Montfort<br/>(Yann V Moñforzh)<br/>1345–1364 | | 1339<br/>only son of John of Montfort and Joanna of Flanders | (1) Mary Plantagenet of England<br/>Woodstock Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire<br/>summer of 1361<br/>no issue<br/>(2) Joan Holland<br/>London<br/>May 1366<br/>no issue<br/>(3) Joan of Navarre<br/>Saillé-près-Guérande<br/>2 October 1386<br/>nine children | 1/2 November 1399<br/>Nantes<br/>aged 59–60

House of Montfort

|width=auto| John IV<br/>the Conqueror<br/>(Yann IV)<br/>1364–1399<br/><small>(Previously John V in pretentious succession from his father.)</small> | | 1339<br/>only son of John of Montfort and Joanna of Flanders | (1) Mary Plantagenet of England<br/>Woodstock Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire<br/>summer of 1361<br/>no issue<br/>(2) Joan Holland<br/>London<br/>May 1366<br/>no issue<br/>(3) Joan of Navarre<br/>Saillé-près-Guérande<br/>2 October 1386<br/>nine children | 1/2 November 1399<br/>Nantes<br/>aged 59–60 |- |width=auto| John V<br/>the Wise<br/>(Yann V ar Fur)<br/>1399–1442 | | 24 December 1389<br/>Château de l'Hermine, Vannes, Morbihan<br/>eldest son of John IV and Joan of Navarre | Joan of France<br/>Hôtel de Saint-Pol, Paris<br/>19 September 1396<br/>seven children | 29 August 1442<br/>Manoir de La Touche, Nantes<br/>aged 52 |- |width=auto| Francis I<br/>the Well-Loved<br/>(Frañsez Iañ)<br/>1442–1450 | | 11 May 1414<br/>Vannes<br/>eldest son of John V and Joan of France | (1) Yolande of Anjou<br/>Amboise<br/>20 August 1431<br/>one son<br/>(2) Isabella of Scotland<br/>Château d'Auray<br/>30 October 1442<br/>two daughter | 17 July 1450<br/>Château de l'Hermine, Vannes, Morbihan<br/>aged 36 |- |width=auto| Peter II<br/>the Simple<br/>(Pêr II)<br/>1450–1457 | | 7 July 1418<br/>Nantes<br/>second son of John V and Joan of France | Françoise d'Amboise<br/> 1442<br/>no issue | 22 September 1457<br/>Nantes<br/>aged 39 |- |width=auto| Arthur III<br/>the Justicier<br/>(Arzhur III)<br/>1457–1458 | | 24 August 1393<br/>Château de Suscinio, Vannes<br/>second son of John IV and Joan of Navarre | (1) Margaret of Burgundy<br/>Dijon<br/>10 October 1423<br/>no issue<br/>(2) Joan of Albret<br/>Nérac<br/>29 August 1442<br/>no issue<br/>(3) Catherine of Luxembourg<br/>2 July 1445<br/>no issue | 26 December 1458<br/>Nantes<br/>aged 65 |- |width=auto| Francis II<br/>(Frañsez II)<br/>1458–1488 | | 23 June 1433<br/>Château de Clisson<br/>eldest son of Richard de Dreux, Count of Étampes and Marguerite d'Orléans, Countess of Vertus | (1) Marguerite of Brittany<br/>Château de l'Hermine<br/>16 November 1455<br/>one son<br/>(2) Marguerite of Foix<br/>Château de Clisson<br/>27 June 1474<br/>two daughters | 9 September 1488<br/>Couëron<br/>aged 55 |- |width=auto| Anne<br/>(Anna)<br/>1488–1514 | | 25 January 1477<br/>Château de Nantes<br/>eldest daughter of Francis II and Margaret of Foix | (1) Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor<br/>(by proxy) Rennes Cathedral<br/>19 December 1490<br/>no issue<br/>(2) Charles VIII of France<br/>Château de Langeais<br/>19 December 1491<br/>four children<br/>(3) Louis XII of France<br/>Château de Nantes<br/>8 January 1499<br/>four children | 9 January 1514<br/>Château de Blois<br/>aged 36

House of Valois

|width=auto| Claude<br/>(Klaoda)<br/>1514–1524<br/><small>with<br/>Francis<br/>(1514–1515)</small> | | 14 October 1499<br/>Romorantin-Lanthenay<br/>eldest daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne | Francis I of France<br/>Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye<br/>18 May 1514<br/>eight children | 20 July 1524<br/>Château de Blois<br/>aged 24 |- |width=auto| Francis<br/>(Frañsez)<br/>1514–1515<br/><small>with Claude<br/>(1514–1515)</small> | | 12 September 1494<br/>Château de Cognac<br/>only son of Charles de Valois, Count of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy | (1) Claude<br/>Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye<br/>18 May 1514<br/>eight children<br/>(2) Eleanor of Austria<br/>Abbaye de Veien<br/>7 August 1530<br/>no issue | 31 March 1547<br/>Château de Rambouillet<br/>aged 52 |- |width=auto| Francis III<br/>(Frañsez III)<br/>1524–1536 | | 28 February 1518<br/>Château d'Amboise<br/>eldest son of Francis I of France and Claude | never married | 10 August 1536<br/>Château de Tournon<br/>aged 18 |- |width=auto| Henry<br/>(Herri)<br/>1536–1547 | | 31 March 1519<br/>Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye<br/>second son of Francis I of France and Claude | Catherine de' Medici<br/>Marseille Cathedral<br/>28 October 1533<br/>ten children | 10 July 1559<br/>Place des Vosges<br/>aged 40 |-

As courtesy title

|width=auto| Louis de France<br/>1704–1705 | | 25 June 1704<br/>Palace of Versailles<br/>eldest son of Louis, Duke of Burgundy and Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy | never married | 13 April 1705<br/>Palace of Versailles<br/><small>died before first birthday</small> |- |width=auto| Louis de France<br/>1707–1712 | | 8 January 1707<br/>Palace of Versailles<br/>second son of Louis, Duke of Burgundy and Marie Adélaïde of Savoy | never married | 18 February 1712<br/>Palace of Versailles<br/>aged 5 |- |width=auto| François de Bourbon <br/>1973–1984 | | 22 November 1972<br/>Madrid<br/>eldest son of Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz and María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco | never married | 7 February 1984<br/>Pamplona<br/>aged 11 |-

Family tree

See also

References

External links