The Girls' War is the name given to fighting on the beach at Russell, New Zealand, then known as KororÃÂreka, in March 1830 between the northern and southern hapà « (subtribe) within the NgÃÂpuhi iwi (tribe).
The Girls' War is so named because it began with insults and curses being exchanged between young, high-ranking MÃÂori women, rivals for the affection of Captain William Darby Brind. Te Urumihia, the wife of Kiwikiwi of the Ngati Manu hapà « and the chief of KororÃÂreka, whose daughter was involved in the incident, cursed Brind's women. These included Pehi, the daughter of Hongi Hika, and Moewaka, the daughter of Rewa, a chief of the Ngai Tawake hapà «, of Kerikeri. The exchange of insults and curses escalated into fighting between warriors, as the MÃÂori believed, as described by Carlton, âÂÂthat every individual of a tribe must be supported, right or wrong, against offenceâÂÂ.
In response to the curses, Ururoa (also known as Rewharewha), a chief of Whangaroa and brother-in-law of the late Hongi Hika, led warriors to raid the kà «mara gardens of the Ngati Manu on 5 March 1830. Ururoa was supported by other chiefs from the various northern hapà « within the NgÃÂpuhi, including Tëtore and Hone Heke. The warriors of Kiwikiwi, Te Morunga and Pà Âmare II (originally called Whiria, also called Whetoi, nephew of Pà Âmare I) defended KororÃÂreka.
Tohitapu, a Tohunga, sought the assistance of the CMS missionaries to mediate between the combatants. The Reverends Henry Williams, William Williams and other missionaries came over the bay from Paihia to attempt to mediate an end to the fighting. The mediation efforts appeared promising with the missionaries believing that the chiefs would accept that the plunder of the kà «mara gardens at Korarareka would suffice as satisfaction of the earlier insults. However, during the morning of 6 March, a musket was fired by accident, wounding a woman in Ururoa's party. A battle commenced which Hengi, a chief of Whangaroa, attempted to stop; however he was shot and killed, his death having consequences in the months and years ahead. About 1,400 warriors were involved in the battle, with about 100 being killed.
Eventually Henry Williams persuaded the warriors to stop the fighting. Reverend Samuel Marsden had arrived on a visit and over the following weeks he and Henry Williams attempted to negotiate a settlement in which KororÃÂreka would be ceded by PÃ Âmare II as compensation for Hengi's death, which was accepted by those engaged in the fighting. However, the duty of seeking revenge had passed to Mango and Kakaha, the sons of Hengi; they took the view that the death of their father should be acknowledged through a muru, or compensation-seeking expedition, against tribes to the south. It was within MÃÂori traditions to conduct a muru against tribes who had no involvement in the events that caused the death of an important chief.
Mango and Kakaha did not commence the muru until January 1832. Tëtore led the expedition. The Revd. Henry Willams accompanied the warriors, without necessarily believing that he could end the fighting, but with the intention of continuing to persuade the combatants as to Christian teaching of peace and goodwill. The journal of Henry Williams provides an extensive account of this expedition, which can be described as an incident in the so-called Musket Wars. The NgÃÂpuhi warriors were successful in fights on the Mercury Islands and Tauranga, with the muru continuing until late July 1832.
The war did not end, as in February 1833 Tëtore led a party of Te Rarawa, allies of the NgÃÂpuhi, from the North Cape back to Tauranga. Again Henry Williams accompanied the expedition in an attempt to bring it to a peaceful conclusion.
While the Girls' War describes the fighting at KororÃÂreka in March 1830, its consequences played out over the following years with the expeditions conducted by the NgÃÂpuhi against the Te Arawa at Tauranga.
In 1837 Pà Âmare II fought a three-month war with Tëtore in the Bay of Islands. Hà Âne Heke fought with Tëtore against Pà Âmare II. An underlying cause of the fighting was a dispute as to the boundary line of the KororÃÂreka block that had been surrendered as a consequence of the death of Hengi some seven years previously in the Girlsâ War.