Candidula

Candidula is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, . the hairy snails and their allies.

The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.

Species

Species within the genus Candidula s.l. include:

• Candidula candidescens <small>A. J. Wagner, 1928</small> (taxon inquirendum)
• Candidula castriota <small>Soós, 1924</small>
• Candidula cavannae <small>(Paulucci, 1881)</small>
• Candidula codia <small>(Bourguignat, 1859)</small>
• Candidula conglomeratica <small>Bodon, Cianfanelli, Chueca & Pfenninger, 2020</small>
• Candidula lernaea <small>Hausdorf, 1991</small>
• †Candidula radigueli <small>(Bourguignat, 1869)</small>
• †Candidula rechodia <small>(Bourguignat, 1862)</small>
• Candidula rhabdotoides <small>(A. J. Wagner, 1928)</small>
• Candidula rugosiuscula <small>(Michaud, 1831)</small>
• † Candidula soosi <small>(Gaál, 1910)</small>
• Candidula syrensis <small>(Pfeiffer, 1846)</small> (taxon inquirendum)
• Candidula unifasciata <small>(Poiret, 1801)</small> - type species
• Candidula verticillata <small>(Pfeiffer, 1871)</small> (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear)

Species brought into synonymy:

• Candidula arganica <small>(Servain, 1880)</small>: synonym of Zarateana arganica <small>(Servain, 1880)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis <small>(Servain, 1880)</small>
• Candidula camporroblensis <small>(Fez, 1944)</small>: synonym of Backeljaia camporroblensis <small>(Fez, 1944)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula corbellai <small>Martínez-Ortí, 2011</small>: synonym of Backeljaia corbellai <small>(Martínez-Ortí, 2011)</small> (original combination)
• Candidula coudensis <small>Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010</small>: synonym of Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination)
• Candidula fiorii <small>(Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938)</small>: synonym of Xerogyra fiorii <small>(Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula gigaxii <small>(Pfeiffer, 1847)</small>: synonym of Backeljaia gigaxii <small>(L. Pfeiffer, 1847)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula grovesiana <small>(Paulucci, 1881)</small>: synonym of Xerogyra grovesiana <small>(Paulucii, 1881)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula intersecta <small>(Poiret, 1801)</small>: synonym of Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination)
• Candidula najerensis <small>(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)</small>: synonym of Backeljaia najerensis <small>(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula olisippensis <small>(Servain, 1880)</small>: synonym of Xeroplexa olisippensis <small>(Servain, 1880)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula rocandioi <small>(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)</small>: synonym of Zarateana rocandioi <small>(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula setubalensis <small>(Pfeiffer, 1850)</small>: synonym of Xeroplexa setubalensis <small>(L. Pfeiffer, 1850)</small> (invalid combination)
• Candidula spadae <small>(Calcara, 1845)</small>: synonym of Xerogyra spadae <small>(Calcara, 1845)</small> (invalid combination)
• † Candidula striataformis <small>(Lörenthey, 1906)</small>: synonym of † <small>Helicella striataformis</small> <small>(Lörenthey, 1906)</small>
• Candidula ultima <small>(Mousson, 1872)</small>: synonym of Orexana ultima <small>(Mousson, 1872)</small> (invalid combination)

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the polyphyly of the genus being divided into at least six genera

The species of Candidula s.l. should be classified as follows:

• Backeljaia
• Backeljaia camporroblensis <small>(Fez, 1944)</small>
• Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011)
• Backeljaia gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847) type species
• Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
• Candidula
• Orexana
• Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) type species
• Xerogyra
• Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938)
• Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881)
• Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845)
• Xeroplexa
• Xeroplexa arrabidensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
• Xeroplexa belemensis <small>(Servain, 1880)</small>: synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis <small>(Servain, 1880)</small>
• Xeroplexa carrapateirensis <small>(Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)</small>
• Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010)
• Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801)
• Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880)
• Xeroplexa ponsulensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
• Xeroplexa scabiosula <small>(Locard, 1899)</small>
• Xeroplexa setubalensis <small>(Pfeiffer, 1850)</small> type species
• Xeroplexa strucki <small>(Maltzan, 1886)</small>
• Zarateana
• Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) type species
• Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)

References

• Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.

External links

• Monterosato, T. A. di. (1892). Molluschi terrestri delle isole adiacenti alla Sicilia. Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti di Palermo. 3rd Series, 2: 1-34
• Chueca, L. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., Madeira, M. J. & Pfenninger, M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357-368