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Summit (meeting)

A summit or summit meeting is an international meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda.

Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II, although the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the 1955 Geneva Summit. During the Cold War, when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a summit. The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of events described as summits. International summits are now the most common expression for global governance. Summit diplomacy fosters interpersonal trust between leaders and reinforces system trust in the state-as-person construct, which is identified as the implicit glue holding the international system together.

Notable summits

Allied World War II conferences

Soviet Union–United States summits

Russia–United States summits

Arab League summits

Earth Summits

G–summits

Group of Six (G6), heads of government
Group of Seven (G7), heads of government
Group of Eight (G8), heads of government
Group of Seven (G7), heads of government
Group of Twenty, heads of government

European summits

  • 1969 – The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement.
  • 1974 – Paris: Creation of the Council.
  • 1985 – Milan: Initiate IGC leading to the Single European Act.
  • 1991 – Maastricht: Agreement on the Maastricht Treaty.
  • 1997 – Amsterdam: Agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
  • 1998 – Brussels: Selected member states to adopt the euro.

European Political Community summits

Inter-Korean summits

Millennium Development Goals

South American Summits

  • 2000 – 2000 South American Summit, Brasília
  • 2002 – South American Summit, Guayaquil

Summits of the Americas

UN international conferences on Afghanistan

Miscellaneous

See also

References