In the Vedic religion, á¹Âta (/ùétêÃÂ/; Sanskrit ' "order, rhythm, rule; truth; logos") is the principle of natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. In the hymns of the Vedas, á¹Âta is described as that which is ultimately responsible for the proper functioning of the natural, moral and sacrificial orders. Conceptually, it is closely allied to the injunctions and ordinances thought to uphold it, collectively referred to as Dharma, and the action of the individual in relation to those ordinances, referred to as Karma â two terms which eventually eclipsed á¹Âta in importance as signifying natural, religious and moral order in later Hinduism. Sanskrit scholar Maurice Bloomfield referred to á¹Âta as "one of the most important religious conceptions of the Rigveda", going on to note that, "from the point of view of the history of religious ideas we may, in fact we must, begin the history of Hindu religion at least with the history of this conception".
Vedic and its Avestan equivalent both derive from Proto-Indo-Iranian "truth", which in turn continues Proto-Indo-European "properly joined, right, true", from a presumed root , making it a distant cognate of Latin and thus English order. The derivative noun á¹Âta is defined as "fixed or settled order, rule, divine law or truth".
As Mahony (1998) notes the term can be translated as "that which has moved in a fitting manner". Although this meaning is not actually cited by authoritative Sanskrit dictionaries it is a regular derivation from the verbal root á¹Â, "to move" with ta, the suffix which forms the past participle, so it can be regarded as the putative origin of the word. More abstractly, it is translated as "universal law" or "cosmic order", or simply as "truth". The latter meaning dominates in the Avestan cognate to á¹Âta, aá¹£ÃÂa.
The proper Sanskrit pronunciation of the word is á¹Âta, the á¹ being a vocalic r, like that in pert or dirt, when pronounced with a rhotic r, e.g. as in American, followed by a short a. The most common pronunciation of speakers of modern Indian languages is "rita", with short i and short a, due to the loss of the vocalic r by the successor languages to Sanskrit, the prakrits and modern Indo-Aryan languages.
The term appears in Vedic texts and in post-Vedic texts, both as á¹Âta and derivatives of the term. For example, in the 2nd-century BCE text MahÃÂbhÃÂá¹£ya of Patanjali, he explains á¹Âtaka to be the grammatically correct form of name for a son, where then the name would mean "truthling".
In scholarship there is no common position about the origin of the concept of á¹Âta. Similar concepts exist in many Indo-European cultures and the names can in addition be derived from an identical root word . This is why some scholars take the position that the concepts in the Indo-European daughter cultures have a common ancestor in the Proto-Indo-European culture.
In contrast Hermann Oldenberg (1894) surmised that the concept of á¹Âta originally arose in the Indo-Aryan period from a consideration of the natural order of the world and of the occurrences taking place within it as doing so with a kind of causal necessity. Both Vedic á¹Âta and Avestan aà ¡a were conceived of as having a tripartite function which manifested itself in the physical, ethical and ritual domains. In the context of Vedic religion, those features of nature which either remain constant or which occur on a regular basis were seen to be a manifestation of the power of á¹Âta in the physical cosmos. In the human sphere, á¹Âta was understood to manifest itself as the imperative force behind both the moral order of society as well as the correct performance of Vedic rituals. The notion of a universal principle of natural order is by no means unique to the Vedas, and á¹Âta has been compared to similar ideas in other cultures, such as Ma'at in Ancient Egyptian religion, Moira and the Logos in Greek paganism, and the Dao.
Due to the nature of Vedic Sanskrit, a term such as á¹Âta can be used to indicate numerous things, either directly or indirectly, and both Indian and European scholars have experienced difficulty in arriving at fitting interpretations for á¹Âta in all of its various usages in the Vedas, though the underlying sense of "ordered action" remains universally evident. In the Rigveda, the term á¹Âta appears as many as 390 times, and has been characterized as "the one concept which pervades the whole of á¹Âgvedic thought". The cosmic order, á¹Âta, has three features:
á¹Âta appears most frequently as representing abstract concepts such as "law", "commandment", "order", "sacrifice", "truth", and "regularity", but also occasionally as physical phenomena such as the waters, the heavens or the sun as manifestations of the operation of á¹Âta. á¹Âta is also frequently used in reference to various Vedic deities. Thus, Bá¹Âhaspati is referred to as possessing a powerful bow with "á¹Âta as its string" and as one prepared to "mount the chariot of á¹Âta"; Agni is described as one who is "desirous of á¹Âta", one who is "á¹Âta-minded" and as he who "spread Heaven and Earth by á¹Âta"; the Maruts are referred to as "rejoicing in the house of á¹Âta" and as "knowers of á¹Âta"; Ushas is described as having been "placed at the root of á¹Âta"; Varuna is praised as "having the form of á¹Âta" and, along with Mitra as Mitra-Varuna, as "destroying the foes by á¹Âta" and as "professing á¹Âta by á¹Âta". Epithets such as "born of á¹Âta" and "protector of á¹Âta" are frequently applied to numerous divinities, as well as to the sacrificial fire and the sacrifice itself.
Despite the abundance of such references, the gods are never portrayed as having command over á¹Âta. Instead, the gods, like all created beings, remain subject to á¹Âta, and their divinity largely resides in their serving it in the role of executors, agents or instruments of its manifestation. As Day (1982) notes, the gods "do not govern á¹Âta so much as immanentalize it through the particularities of divine ordinances and retributions concerning both rewards and punishments. In this sense they do not "govern" á¹Âta; they serve it as agents and ministers".
While the concept of á¹Âta as an abstract, universal principle generally remained resistant to the anthropomorphic tendencies of the Vedic period, it became increasingly associated with the actions of individual deities, in particular with those of the god Varuna as the omniscient, all-encompassing sky. Although the Adityas as a group are associated with á¹Âta, being referred to as "the charioteers of á¹Âta, dwelling in the home of á¹Âta", it is Varuna in particular who is identified as the "friend of á¹Âta". The connection of Varuna and á¹Âta extended beyond the physical realm and into the sphere of ritual worship, with the sacrificial fire itself being lauded as that which "harnesses the steeds and holds the reins of á¹Âta, becoming Varuna when he strives for á¹Âta". As James (1969) notes, Varuna attained the position of "universal Power par excellence maintaining á¹Âta" and is celebrated as having "separated and established heaven and earth, spreading them out as the upper and lower firmaments, himself enthroned above them as the universal king, ordering the immutable moral law, exercising his rule by the sovereignty of á¹Âta.
Already in the earliest Vedic texts, á¹Âta as an ethical principle is linked with the notion of cosmic retribution. A central concept of the á¹Âgveda is that created beings fulfil their true natures when they follow the path set for them by the ordinances of á¹Âta, and failing to follow those ordinances was thought to be responsible for the appearance of various forms of calamity and suffering. Committing one's actions to the governance of á¹Âta, referred to as its "Dharma", was therefore understood as imperative in ensuring one's own well-being. In this vein, the individual who follows the ordinances of nature can be described as one who acts according to the "Dharma of á¹Âta". Dharma, then, was originally conceived of as a "finite or particularized manifestation of á¹Âta inasmuch as it represents that aspect of the universal Order which specifically concerns the mundane natural, religious, social and moral spheres as expressed in ritualistic regulations, public laws, moral principles and laws of nature".
Though originally understood as a subordinate component of the essentially metaphysical concept of á¹Âta, Dharma eventually grew to overshadow á¹Âta in prominence in later Vedic and early Hindu literature. According to Day (1982), the concept of Dharma, <blockquote>...became so useful for framing religious, moral and social regulations, that interest in it and discussion of its applications to social and moral order eclipsed all discussions of metaphysical and theological ideas. Since, moreover, Dharma was made the central subject of a literary tradition which was to become vast and extensive throughout India, while the conception of á¹Âta remained largely confined to the Vedas and their commentaries, it naturally took possession of brÃÂhmaá¹Âical thinking even at the expense of older, exalted concepts and conceptions.</blockquote>
As the notion of Dharma shifted emphasis away from the gods as executors of á¹Âta and towards the individual as upholding á¹Âta through their actions, the ethical responsibility and culpability of the individual received an increasing amount of emphasis towards the end of the Vedic period. Central to the discussion of such culpability is the notion of Karma. Karma () refers to the works one performs, which can occur either in congruence with or in opposition to Dharma â and thus, to á¹Âta â and which are posited to stand in a causal relationship to the pains and pleasures one experiences in life.
The emergence of Karma as a central doctrine of the late Vedic and early Hindu tradition is due in part to the problem of theodicy. Given the inherent goodness of á¹Âta and its absolute power over the operation of the universe, the presence of gross inequality and injustice in the world represented a serious religious, philosophical and ethical dilemma. The notion of Karma helped to overcome this problem as it was conceived as a "law of moral causation" which effectively excused the gods and á¹Âta from the appearance of evil in the world, placing the responsibility for the same squarely upon the individual.
Being an extension of á¹Âta, Karma was conceived of as operating with the same absolute efficiency. As Day (1982) notes, "acts are causally determinative in accordance with their good or evil nature, and their out-workings are inexorable; there is no intrusive or arbitrary factor which might overcome their potentiality for causing retributional effects, or otherwise interfering with the strictly mechanical efficiency of Karma. Since, moreover, an individual's fortunes and misfortunes are solely the outcome of his past actions, he has no ground for believing that life is kindlier or harsher than is deserved. He has no cause either for praising God's benevolence nor for lamenting God's wrath."
á¹Âta- or arta- sometimes appears as an element in Vedic and Indic personal names, as with Iranian.
In India the vocalic 'á¹Â' of Sanskrit is transformed into the modern 'ri', or in South India, 'ru'. Indian names include:
Mitanni (non-Indian, Vedic) names include: