Turkey has a state-owned railway system built to standard gauge () which falls under the remit of the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. The primary rail carrier is the Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryollarñ (TCDD) (Turkish State Railways) which is responsible for all long-distance and cross-border freight and passenger trains. A number of other companies operate suburban passenger trains in urban conurbations.
Native railway industry extends to the production of locomotives, passenger vehicles and freight wagons; some vehicles are also produced through licensing agreements and cooperation with foreign countries.
In the early 21st century, major infrastructural projects were realized; such as the construction of a high-speed railway network as well as a tunnel under the Bosphorus strait which connects Europe and Anatolia by rail for the first time.
Turkey is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Turkey is 75.
In 2022, Turkey had of railway lines, of which 95% were single-tracked, 21% of the network was electrified and 28% signalled. Due to the mountainous geography of the country, the network has many steep gradients and sharp curves. The Turkish rail network does not cover all major cities; its fourth and fifth largest metropolitan areas of Bursa and Antalya respectively remain unconnected to the network, although plans exist for high-speed rail lines to reach them.
As of June 2016, there is of conventional railway line and of high-speed railway line. of the network is electrified (31%), and of it is signaled (37%).
Electrified lines run from Kapñkule on the Bulgarian border via Istanbul to Ankara, and from DivriÃÂi via Malatya to ðskenderun on the Mediterranean coast. Additionally, Sivas and ðzmir have electrified networks. Here are some technical informations (standards) about the Turkish railway system:
The first completed section of the high-speed rail line between Ankara and Eskià Âehir was opened by the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ErdoÃÂan on 13 March 2009.
As of August 2024, there are eight high-speed routes (Istanbul-Ankara, Istanbul-Konya, Istanbul-Karaman, Istanbul-Sivas Ankara-Eskisehir, Ankara-Konya, Ankara-Karaman, Ankara-Sivas) running on three different high-speed railway lines. Bursa, ðzmir and Edirne are among some of other cities to be connected to the high-speed network with works being underway. Bursa will be connected to the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway, a new line is currently being constructed from Polatlñ to ðzmir via Afyon is under construction along with some other lines from Yerköy (on the line from Ankara to Sivas) to Kayseri and another one from Halkalñ to Edirne on Turkey's European border with Bulgaria.
Among the trains used by the Turkhish high speed rail services are Siemens Velaro TR, the same models used in InterCity Express (ICE) trains in Germany. The Turkish also use the Spanish CAF made TCDD HT65000. In 2025, the high speed network transported 100 million passengers annually.
In addition to high speed lines, there are several regular trains for passenger transportation. Almost all the network is covered by these passenger trains, which are mostly departing every day. In addition to high speed trains, there are several types of wagons being used for railway transport like pulman, sleeping cars, couchette, dmu and emu sets. In 2019, 164.7 million passengers used the Turkish rail network.
As of May 2016, there are several construction points (mainly for signalization or electrification) in Turkish rail network which is causing complete or partial closures.
The Iranian rail network is connected to the Turkish rail network via the Lake Van train ferry close to the border â which creates a serious bottleneck. In 2007 an agreement was made to create a rail link between the two countries.
For the Caucasus region and Central Asia via Georgia and Azerbaijan, the KarsâÂÂTbilisiâÂÂBaku railway) was finally opened in 2017, involving a break of gauge from to . The line has a target of transporting 17 million tons of cargo per year. This railway by-passes the KarsâÂÂGyumriâÂÂTbilisi railway line that connected Turkey to Armenia but was closed in 1993 during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War; in 2009 the possibility of re-opening the line was stated by the Armenian transport minister.
Trains to Iraq must be routed via Syria; the section of the tracks within Syria, between the Turkish and Iraqi borders is 81 km long. From 5 March 2012 due to the civil war in Syria, all rail services from Turkey to Syria were stopped; as a consequence freight going from Turkey to Iraq was routed to Nusaybin in southeast Turkey, from where it was transported to Iraq by truck.
Turkey is planning to construct a high speed line between Ankara and Samsun by 2030. Kñrñkkale will be a stop between Ankara and Sivas. By 2026 a high speed line is set to be opened between Ankara and Kayseri. Another line is under construction from Ankara to ðzmir on the Aegean coast. Turkey is planning to build a high speed rail line from Istanbul to Edirne as well as to Kapñkule which is on the Bulgarian border and will thus allow Turkey to establish a high speed line with Bulgaria. By 2030 a high speed line is planned between Istanbul and Ankara.
Suburban systems in Turkey as listed below:
Six cities in Turkey have Metro system, listed as follows:
A further metro system is planned in Gaziantep, and light rail systems are under consideration in both Antalya and Kayseri.
There are also several tram and light rail systems in many cities, listed as follows:
In combination with its affiliates, the State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryollarñ, TCDD) have a monopoly on passenger and freight rail transportation, as well as the manufacturing of rolling stock and tracks. The organization was created in 1927 to operate the former railway lines of the Ottoman Empire that were left within the borders of the Republic of Turkey whose boundaries were defined with the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Additionally, major ports are also operated by the company.
Three affiliated companies of the TCDD produce rolling stock for the Turkish railway system:
As of 2021, there were of main railway lines in Turkey, of which 14% are double-track and 51% are electrified.
In 2008, the most common rail weight is ~49 kg/m with 69% of track, the remainder being of lighter weight rail, except for 150 km of 60 kg/m rail. Similarly, 69% of sleepers are of the concrete type, with the remainder being wood (~19%) and steel (~12%). Over 700 tunnels exist, with a total length of 181 km; the majority (~76%) are under 1 km long and only one of them has a length of over 4 km. 1,316 steel bridges (average length 22 m) and over 10,000 concrete bridges (average length 2.9 m) exist, the majority (99%) are suitable for axle loads over 20 t, with 40% allowing axle loads of 22.5 tonnes.
Also in 2008, there were 64 electric locomotives and 549 diesel locomotives in Turkey, with availabilities of 81 and 84 percent, respectively. Additionally, 50 steam locomotives exist, of which 2 are kept in active order. In addition to the 83 EMUs and 44 DMUs for passenger transport, there were 995 coaches in Turkey (830 of which were in working order.) Over 17,000 wagons of various types make up the rest of the fleet.
All high-speed and main rail lines use standard-gauge railway with the exception of the Bursa and Istanbul nostalgic tramways, which use the metre-gauge railway.