The Phytomyxea are a class of parasites that are cosmopolitan, obligate biotrophic protist parasites of plants, diatoms, oomycetes and brown algae. They are divided into the orders Plasmodiophorida (ICZN, or Plasmodiophoromycota, ICBN) and Phagomyxida. Plasmodiophorids are best known as pathogens or vectors for viruses of arable crops (e.g. club root in Brassicaceae, powdery scab in potatoes, and rhizomania in beets, especially sugar beets and some spinaches).
Life cycle
They typically develop within plant cells, causing the infected tissue to grow into a gall or scab. Important diseases caused by phytomyxeans include club root in cabbage and its relatives, and powdery scab in potatoes. These are caused by species of Plasmodiophora and Spongospora, respectively.
The vegetative form is a multinucleate cell, called a plasmodium. This ultimately divides to form new spores, which are released when the host's cells burst. Both resting spores and motile zoospores, which generally have two smooth flagella, are produced at different stages. Within the plasmodium, dividing nuclei have a distinctive cross-like appearance.
Classification
Plasmodiophorids were traditionally considered slime moulds, because of the plasmodial stage and are often wrongly classified as fungi, and given names such as the Plasmodiophoromycota. However, genetic and ultrastructural studies indicate they belong to a diverse group of protists called the Cercozoa, and are not closely related to fungi.
- Class Phytomyxea <small>Engler & Prantl 1897 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
- Genus ?Pongomyxa
- Order Phagomyxida <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
- Family Phagomyxidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
- Genus Phagomyxa <small>Karling 1944</small>
- Genus Maullinia <small>Maier et al. 2000</small>
- Order Plasmodiophorida <small>Cook 1928 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
- Family Endemosarcidae <small>Olive & Erdos 1971</small>
- Genus Endemosarca <small>Olive & Erdos 1971</small>
- Family Plasmodiophoridae <small>Berl 1888</small> (plasmodial slime moulds)
- Genus Cystospora <small>Elliott 1916 nomen dubium</small> [Acrocystis <small>Ellis & Halsted ex Halsted 1890 non Zanardini 1872</small>]
- Genus Phytomyxa <small>Schröter 1886</small>
- Genus Ligniera <small>Maire & Tison 1911</small> [Anisomyxa <small>NÃÂmec 1913</small>; Rhizomyxa <small>BorzÃÂ 1884</small>; Sorolpidium <small>NÃÂmec 1911</small>]
- Genus Membranosporus <small>Ostenfeld & Petersen 1930</small>
- Genus Octomyxa <small>Couch, Leitner & Whiffen 1939</small>
- Genus Plasmodiophora <small>Woronin 1877</small> [Frankiella <small>Maire & Tison 1909 non Speschnew 1900</small>; Frankia <small>Brunchorst 1886 non</small>; Ostenfeldiella <small>Ferdinandsen & Winge 1914</small>]
- Genus Polymyxa <small>Ledingham 1933</small>
- Genus Sorodiscus <small>Lagerheim & Winge 1913 non Allman 1847</small>
- Genus Sorosphaera <small>Schröter 1886</small>
- Genus Sorosphaerula <small>Neuh. & Kirchm. 2011</small>
- Genus Spongospora <small>Brunchorst 1887</small> [Clathrosorus <small>Ferdinandsen & Winge 1920</small>]
- Genus Sporomyxa <small>Léger 1908</small>
- Genus Tetramyxa <small>Goebel 1884</small> [Molliardia <small>Maire & Tison 1911</small>]
- Genus Woronina <small>Cornu 1872</small>
References