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19 (number)

19 (nineteen) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20. It is a prime number.

Mathematics

19 is the eighth prime number. 19 forms a twin prime with 17, a cousin prime with 23, and a sexy prime with 13. 19 is a strictly non-palindromic number in any base, and a Heegner number. 19 is the maximum number of fourth powers needed to sum up to any natural number (see, Waring's problem). It is the number of compositions of 8 into distinct parts.

The number of nodes in regular hexagon with all diagonals drawn is nineteen.

  • The only nontrivial normal magic hexagon is composed of nineteen cells, where every diagonal of consecutive hexagons has sums equal to 38, or twice 19.
  • A hexaflexagon is a strip of nineteen alternating triangular faces that can flex into a regular hexagon, such that any two of six colorings on triangles can be oriented to align on opposite sides of the folded figure.

can be used to generate the first full, non-normal prime reciprocal magic square in decimal whose rows, columns and diagonals — in a 18 x 18 array — all generate a magic constant of 81 = 9<sup>2</sup>.

Finite simple groups

19 is a supersingular prime, a member in the sequence of fifteen such primes that divide the order of the Friendly Giant . Additionally, 19 also divides the orders of the Janko groups and .

Science

  • The James Webb Space Telescope's optical elements are in an array of 19 hexagons, wherein 18 segmented primary mirrors focus light into a centered secondary mirror situated above the collecting mirrors, that in-turn reflects back onto the telescope's central imagers. It is a shape akin to the order-3 magic hexagon.
  • The Metonic cycle is almost exactly 19 years long.

Religion

Islam

  • The number of angels guarding Hell ("Hellfire") ("Saqar") according to the Qur'an: "Over it are nineteen" (74:30), after which the Qur'an describes this number as being "a trial for those who disbelieve" (74:31), a sign for people of the scripture to be "convinced" (74:31) and that believers "will increase in faith" (74:31) due to it.
  • The Number of Verse and Sura together in the Qur'an which announces Jesus son of Maryam's (Mary's) birth (Qur'an 19:19).

Baháʼí Faith

In the Bábí and Baháʼí Faiths, a group of 19 is called a Váhid, a Unity (). The numerical value of this word in the Abjad numeral system is 19.

Celtic paganism

19 is a sacred number of the goddess Brigid because it is said to represent the 19-year cycle of the Great Celtic Year and the amount of time it takes the Moon to coincide with the winter solstice.

Music

  • Nineteen has been used as an alternative to twelve for a division of the octave into equal parts. This idea goes back to Salinas in the sixteenth century, and is interesting in part because it gives a system of meantone tuning, being close to 1/3 comma meantone. See 19 equal temperament.
  • Some organs use the 19th harmonic to approximate a minor third.

Literature

  • Stephen King's eight-book epic The Dark Tower saga employs the number 19 in books ', ', ', ', and The Wind Through the Keyhole as a mysterious and important number. They refer to the "ka-tet of 19", "Directive Nineteen," many names add up to 19, 19 seems to permeate every aspect of Roland and his traveler's lives. In addition, the number ends up being a powerful key.

Games

  • Though the maximum score for a cribbage hand is 29, there is no combination of cards that adds up to 19 points. Many cribbage players, therefore, jokingly refer to a zero-point hand as "a 19 hand".

Age 19

In sports

  • In golf, the '19th hole' is the clubhouse bar and in match play, if there is a tie after 18 holes, an extra hole(s) is played. In miniature golf, it is an extra hole on which the winner earns an instant prize.

References

External links