() is an old form of handwriting of the German language based on late medieval cursive writing, also known as ("cursive script"), ("German script"), and German cursive. Over the history of its use into the first part of the 20th century, many individual letters acquired variant forms.
German writers used both cursive styles, and Latin cursive, in parallel: Location, contents, and context of the text determined which script style to use.
is a modern script based on that is characterized by simplified letters and vertical strokes. It was developed in 1911 and taught in all German schools as the primary script from 1915 until the beginning of January 1941. Then it was replaced with ("normal German handwriting"), which is sometimes referred to as "Latin writing".