Elementary theory of the category of sets

In mathematics, the elementary theory of the category of sets or ETCS is a set of axioms for set theory proposed by William Lawvere in 1964. Although it was originally stated in the language of category theory, as Tom Leinster pointed out, the axioms can be stated without references to category theory.

ETCS is a basic example of structural set theory, an approach to set theory that emphasizes sets as abstract structures (as opposed to collections of elements).

Axioms

Informally, the axioms are as follows: (here, set, function and composition of functions are primitives)

1. Composition of functions is associative and has identities.
2. There is a set with exactly one element.
3. There is an empty set.
4. A function is determined by its effect on elements.
5. A Cartesian product exists for a pair of sets.
6. Given sets and , there is a set of all functions from to .
7. Given and an element , the pre-image is defined.
8. The subsets of a set correspond to the functions .
9. The natural numbers form a set.
10. (weak axiom of choice) Every surjection has a right inverse (i.e., a section).

The resulting theory is weaker than ZFC. If the axiom schema of replacement is added as another axiom, the resulting theory is equivalent to ZFC.

See also

• Mac Lane set theory

References

• A post about the paper at the n-category café.
• Clive Newstead, An Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets at the n-Category Café

Further reading

• ETCS in nLab
• ZFC and ETCS: Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets
• Tom Leinster, Axiomatic Set Theory 1: Introduction at the n-Category Café
• How would set theory research be affected by using ETCS instead of ZFC?
• § 5.2. of Elaine Landry, Categories for the Working Philosopher, https://pages.jh.edu/rrynasi1/FoundationsOFMath/Literature/PhilMath/Ernst2017CategoryTheory+Foundations.pdf