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Clausiliidae

Clausiliidae, also known by the common name door snails, is a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.

With over 1700 recognized recent and fossil species, this is among the most diverse families of terrestrial gastropods (cf. Orthalicidae), although the marine gastropod family Pyramidellidae is larger.

Most species of Clausiliidae have an anatomical structure known as a clausilium, which enables the snail to close off the aperture of the shell with a sliding "door".

Shell description

Almost all the species of snails in the family of door snails are sinistral (left-handed), which is an uncommon feature in gastropod shells in general.

These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired, with numerous whorls.

The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.

The clausilium

Clausiliids are also very unusual among pulmonate gastropods in that most of them have a "door" or clausilium. The clausilium is not the same thing as an operculum, which does not exist at all in most pulmonate gastropods.

The clausilium is a calcareous structure, tongue-shaped or spoon-shaped, which can close the aperture of the snail shell to protect the soft parts against predation by animals such as carnivorous beetle larvae. The narrow end of the clausilium slides in the grooves that are formed by the folds on the inside of the shell.

Anatomy

In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).

Taxonomy

The type genus is Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805.

The family Clausiliidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

2005 taxonomy

The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 recognizes subfamilies as follows:

subfamily Clausiliinae Gray, 1855

  • tribe Baleini (previously the subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913) – synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999
  • tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 – synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
  • tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979

subfamily Alopiinae <small>A. J. Wagner, 1913</small>

  • tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
  • tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) – synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
  • tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 – synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
  • tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
  • tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972

subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981

subfamily Garnieriinae C. Boettger, 1926

  • tribe Garnieriini C. Boettger, 1926
  • tribe Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002

subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978

  • tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978
  • tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985

subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923

subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924

  • tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 – synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
  • tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
  • tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
  • tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994

subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 – Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930

subfamily Phaedusinae <small>A. J. Wagner, 1922</small>

  • † tribe Disjunctariini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2014</small>
  • tribe Megalophaedusini <small>Zilch, 1954</small> – synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954
  • † tribe Nordsieckiini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • tribe Phaedusini <small>A. J. Wagner, 1922</small>
  • † tribe Serrulellini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • tribe Serrulinini <small>Ehrmann, 1927</small>
  • tribe Synprosphymini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>

subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927

Genera

Genera include:

Clausiliinae

Tribe Acrotomini <small>H. Nordsieck, 1979</small>

  • Acrotoma <small>O. Boettger, 1881</small> – with four subgenera: Acrotoma, Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002
  • Akramowskia <small>H. Nordsieck, 1975</small>
  • Armenica <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with two subgenera: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970
  • Inobseratella <small>Lindholm, 1924</small>
  • Phrygica <small>H. Nordsieck, 1994</small>
  • Roseniella <small>Thiele, 1931</small> – with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella
  • Scrobifera <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Sprattia <small>O. Boettger, 1883</small>

tribe Baleini

  • Alinda <small>H. & A. Adams, 1855</small> – with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877
  • Balea <small>J. E. Gray, 1824</small>
  • Bulgarica <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with three subgenera Bulgarica, Pavlovicia <small>H. Nordsieck, 1973</small> and Strigilecula <small>Kennard & Woodward, 1923</small>
  • Lacinaria <small>Hartmann, 1842</small>
  • Likharevia <small>H. Nordsieck, 1975</small>
  • Mentissa <small>H. & A.Adams, 1855</small>
  • Mentissella <small>H. Nordsieck, 1973</small>
  • Micropontica <small>O. Boettger, 1881</small> – with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica
  • Mucronaria <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria
  • Quadriplicata <small>O. Boettger, 1878</small>
  • Strigillaria <small>Vest, 1867</small>
  • Vestia <small>Hesse, 1916</small> – with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877

Tribe Boettgeriini <small>H. Nordsieck, 1979</small>

  • Boettgeria <small>O. Boettger, 1863</small> – with two subgenera: Boettgeriaand Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998
  • Macroptychia <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Sabaeola <small>Lindholm, 1925</small>

tribe Clausiliini

  • † Canalicia <small>O. Boettger, 1863</small>
  • Clausilia <small>Draparnaud, 1805</small> – with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977
  • Erjavecia <small>Brusina, 1870</small>
  • Erjaveciella <small>H. Nordsieck, 1977</small>
  • Fusulus Fitzinger, 1833 – with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus
  • † Hollabrunnella <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • Julica H. Nordsieck, 1963
  • Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 – with three subgenera: Macrogastra, Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867
  • Micridyla H. Nordsieck, 1973
  • † Parafusulus <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • † Pliodiptychia <small>H. Nordsieck, 1978</small>
  • Pseudidyla <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 – has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians
  • Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924
  • † Trolliella <small>H. Nordsieck, 1981</small>

Tribe † Emarginariini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>

  • † Emarginaria <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>

Tribe Euxinellini <small>Neubert, 2002</small>

  • Euxinella <small>H. Nordsieck, 1973</small>

Tribe Filosini <small>H. Nordsieck, 1979</small>

  • Filosa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Idyla <small>H. & A. Adams, 1855</small> – with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla <small>H. Nordsieck, 1994</small>

tribe Gracillariini H. Nor<small>dsieck, 1979</small>

Tribe Mentissoideini <small>Lindholm, 1924</small>

  • Elia <small>H. & A.Adams, 1855</small> – with four subgenera: Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877
  • Euxina <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924
  • Euxinastra <small>O. Boettger, 1888</small> – with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875
  • Galeata <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Mentissoidea <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>

Tribe Olympicolini <small>Neubert, 2002</small>

Tribe Strigileuxinini <small>H. Nordsieck, 1994</small>

Tribe Strumosini <small>H. Nordsieck, 1994</small>

  • Strumosa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>

Alopiinae <small>A. J. Wagner, 1913</small>

Alopiinae

  • † Dextrospira <small>Hrubesch, 1965</small>

tribe Alopiini

  • Alopia <small>H. & A.Adams, 1855</small> – with two subgenera Alopia and Kimakowiczia Szekeres, 1969
  • Herilla <small>H. & A. Adams, 1855</small>
  • Montenegrina <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Protoherilla <small>A. J. Wagner, 1921</small>
  • † Protriloba <small>H. Nordsieck, 2014</small>
  • Triloba <small>Vest, 1867</small>

tribe Cochlodinini <small>Lindholm, 1925 (1923)</small>

  • Cochlodina <small>A. Férussac, 1821</small> – with four subgenera: Cochlodina; Cochlodinastra <small>H. Nordsieck, 1977</small>; Paracochlodina <small>H. Nordsieck, 1969</small>; Procochlodina <small>H. Nordsieck, 1969</small>
  • Macedonica <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>

tribe Delimini <small>R. Brandt, 1956</small>

  • Barcania <small>Brandt, 1956</small>
  • Charpentieria <small>Stabille, 1864</small> – with subgenera: Charpentieria
  • Delima <small>Hartmann, 1842</small> – with four subgenera: Delima; Dugiana <small>Stamol & Slapnik, 2002</small>; Piceata <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> and Semirugata <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Dilataria <small>Vest, 1867</small>
  • Gibbularia <small>Cecconi, 1908</small>
  • Mauritanica <small>O. Boettger, 1879</small>
  • Papillifera <small>Hartmann, 1842</small>
  • Sicania <small>Tomlin, 1929</small>
  • Stigmatica <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>

tribe Medorini <small>H. Nordsieck, 1997</small>

  • Agathylla <small>H. & A.Adams, 1855</small> – with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969
  • Albinaria <small>Vest, 1867</small> – also includes former genusSericata O. Boettger, 1878.
  • Carinigera <small>Möllendorff, 1873</small>
  • Cristataria <small>Vest, 1867</small>
  • Inchoatia <small>Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006</small>
  • Isabellaria <small>Vest, 1867</small>
  • Lampedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa
  • Leucostigma <small>A. J. Wagner, 1919</small>
  • Medora <small>H. & A. Adams, 1855</small>
  • Muticaria <small>Lindholm, 1925</small>
  • Strigilodelima <small>A. J. Wagner, 1924</small>
  • Vallatia <small>E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006</small>

Constrictinae

Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:

  • † Constricta O. Boettger, 1877 – type genus of the subfamily
  • † Regiclausilia <small>H. Nordsieck, 1981</small>

Eualopiinae

Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:

  • † Ambiguella <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • Formosana <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>

Tribe † Eualopiini <small>H. Nordsieck, 1978</small>

  • † Eualopia <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – type genus of the subfamily
  • † Monoptychia <small>H. Nordsieck, 1972</small>

Tribe † Rillyini † <small>H. Nordsieck, 1985</small>

  • † Neniopsilla <small>H. Nordsieck, 2020</small>
  • † Neniopsis <small>Wenz, 1920</small>
  • † Omanillya <small>H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016</small>
  • † Pararillya <small>H. Nordsieck, 2002</small>
  • † Proalbinaria <small>O. Boettger in Oppenheim, 189</small>
  • † Rillya Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 – type genus of the tribe
  • † Neniopsilla <small>H. Nordsieck, 2020</small>
  • † Neniopsis <small>Wenz, 1920</small>
  • † Omanillya <small>H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016</small>
  • † Pararillya <small>H. Nordsieck, 2002</small>
  • † Proalbinaria <small>O. Boettger in Oppenheim, 1895</small>

Garnieriinae

  • tribe Garnieriini <small>C. Boettger, 1926</small>
  • Garnieria <small>Bourguignat, 1877</small>
  • tribe Tropidaucheniini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2002</small>
  • Euryauchenia <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • Grandinenia <small>Minato & Chen, 1984</small>
  • Indonenia E<small>hrmann, 1927</small>
  • Megalauchenia <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • Tropidauchenia <small>Lindholm, 1924</small> -

Laminiferinae

Tribe Laminiferini <small>Wenz, 1923</small>

  • † Baboria <small>Cossmann, 1898</small>
  • † Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 – the type genus of the family Laminiferinae. Its type species is fossil.
  • † Laminiplica <small>H. Nordsieck, 1978</small>
  • † Omanifera <small>H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016</small>

Tribe † Oospiroidesini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>

Tribe † Polloneriini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>

  • † Polloneria <small>Sacco, 1886</small>

Mentissoideinae

synonym of the tribe Mentissoideini <small>Lindholm, 1924</small> (superseded classification)

Neniinae <small>Wenz, 1923</small>

Tribe Neniini <small>Wenz, 1923</small>

Peruiniinae <small>H. Nordsieck, 2005</small>

  • Andinia <small>Polinski, 1922</small>
  • Audiniastra <small>H. Nordsieck, 2005</small>
  • Andiniella <small>Weyrauch, 1958</small>
  • Bequaertinenia Weyrauch, 1964 – with two subgenera: Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004
  • Brevinenia <small>Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005</small>
  • Columbinia <small>Polinski, 1924</small> – with subgenera: Columbinia and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926
  • Cyclonenia <small>H. Nordsieck, 1999</small>
  • Cylindronenia <small>Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949</small> – with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Ehrmanniella <small>Zilch, 1949</small>
  • Gracilinenia <small>Polinski, 1922</small>
  • Hemicena <small>Pilsbry, 1949</small>
  • Incaglaia <small>Pilsbry, 1949</small> – with two subgenera: Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia
  • Incania <small>Polinski, 1922</small>
  • Leuconenia <small>H. Nordsieck, 2005</small>
  • Neniaptyx <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • Neniatracta <small>Pilsbry, 1926</small>
  • Neniella <small>Grego & Sekeres, 2004</small>
  • Parabalea <small>Ancey, 1882</small>
  • Peruinia <small>Polinski, 1922</small>
  • Pfeifferiella <small>Weyrauch, 1957</small>
  • Pseudogracilinenia <small>Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984</small>
  • Steeriana <small>Jousseaume, 1900</small>
  • Symptychiella <small>H. Nordsieck, 1999</small> – with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella
  • Temesa <small>H. & A. Adams, 1855</small>
  • Zilchiella <small>Weyrauch, 1957</small>

Phaedusinae <small>A. J. Wagner, 1922</small>

Tribe † Disjunctariini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2014</small>

  • † Disjunctaria <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>

Tribe † Nordsieckiini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>

  • † Nordsieckia <small>Truc, 1972</small>
  • † Serruluna <small>H. Nordsieck, 1981</small>

tribe Phaedusini <small>A. J. Wagner, 1922</small>

  • Acanthophaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>
  • Atractophaedusa <small>Ehrmann, 1927</small>
  • Bacillophaedusa <small>Grego & Szekeres, 2011</small>
  • Bathyptychia <small>Lindholm, 1925</small> – with three subgenera: Bathyptychia; Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001 and Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Castanophaedusa <small>Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017</small>
  • Celsiphaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 2001</small>
  • Changphaedusa <small>Motochin & Ueshima, 2017</small>
  • Cylindrophaedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with three subgenera: Cylindrophaedusa and Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Dautzenbergiella <small>Lindholm, 1924</small> – with two subgenera: Dautzenbergiella and Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • Euphaedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with subgenera: Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Euphaedusa; and Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • Fuchsiana <small>Gredler, 1887</small>
  • Hemiphaedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with subgenera: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa; Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001; Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994)
  • Juttingia <small>Loosjes, 1965</small> – with two subgenera: Juttingia and Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Liparophaedusa <small>Lindholm, 1924</small>
  • Loosjesia <small>H. Nordsieck, 2002</small>
  • Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 – with two subgenera: Luchuphaedusa and Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905
  • Macrophaedusa <small>Moellendorff, 1883</small>
  • Macrophaedusella <small>H. Nordsieck, 2001</small>
  • Megalophaedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small> – with four subgenera: Megalophaedusa; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 and Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa is a synonym of Megalophaedusa).
  • Messageriella <small>Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017</small>
  • Miraphaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 2005</small>
  • Musaphaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 2018</small>
  • Nannophaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 2012</small>
  • Notoptychia <small>Ehrmann, 1927</small>
  • Oospira <small>Blanford, 1872</small> – with subgenera Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Papilliphaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 2003</small>
  • Paraphaedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Phaedusa <small>H. & A.Adams, 1855</small> – with subgenera: Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Phaedusa; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984
  • Probosciphaedusa <small>Z.-Y. Chen, 2021</small>
  • Reinia <small>Kobelt, 1876</small> – with three subgenera: Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Reinia
  • Serriphaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 2001</small>
  • Sinigena <small>Lindholm, 1925</small>
  • Solitariphaedusa <small>Motochin & Ueshima, 2017</small>
  • Stereophaedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Streptodera <small>Lindholm, 1925</small>
  • Tauphaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 2003</small>
  • Tosaphaedusa <small>Ehrmann, 1929</small>
  • Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1901</small> – with two subgenera: Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 and Zaptyx

Tribe † Serrulellini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>

  • † Serrulastra <small>H. Nordsieck, 1981</small>
  • † Serrulella <small>H. Nordsieck, 1978</small>

Tribe Serrulinini <small>Ehrmann, 1927</small>

Tribe Synprosphymini <small>H. Nordsieck, 2007</small>

Synonyms

  • Diceratoptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1905</small>: synonym of Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small> (junior synonym)
  • Heterozaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1906</small>: synonym of Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small> (junior synonym)
  • Kazancia <small>Neubert, 1992</small>: synonym of <small>Lindholm, 1924</small> (junior synonym)
  • Leptacme Ehrmann, 1927: synonym of Oospira (Leptocochlea) <small>Grego & Szekeres, 2011</small> represented as Oospira <small>W. T. Blanford, 1872</small>
  • Lindholmiella <small>Ehrmann, 1927</small>: synonym of Oospira (Lindholmiella) <small>Ehrmann, 1927</small> represented as Oospira <small>W. T. Blanford, 1872</small>
  • Metazaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1905</small>synonym of Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>
  • Neniauchenia <small>H. Nordsieck, 2002</small>: synonym of Grandinenia Minato & D.<small>-N. Chen, 1984</small>
  • Neostyriaca A. J. Wagner, 1920: synonym of Clausilia (Neostyriaca) <small>A. J. Wagner, 1920</small> represented as Clausilia <small>Draparnaud, 1805</small>
  • Oligozaptx <small>Pilsbry, 1905</small>: synonym of Zaptyx (Stereozaptyx) <small>Pilsbry, 1905</small> represented as Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>
  • Parazaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1905</small>: synonym of Zaptyx (Parazaptyx) <small>Pilsbry, 1905</small> represented as Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>
  • Pliciphaedusa <small>H. Nordsieck, 1998</small>: synonym of Stereophaedusa (Pliciphaedusa) <small>H. Nordsieck, 1998</small> represented as Stereophaedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Pulchraptyx <small>Minato, 1981</small>: synonym of Zaptyx (Pulchraptyx) <small>Minato, 1981</small> represented as Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>
  • Renschiphaedusa <small>Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973</small>: synonym of Phaedusa <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 </small>
  • Selenoptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1908</small>: synonym of Zaptyx (Selenoptyx) <small>Pilsbry, 1908</small> represented as Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>
  • Serrulinella <small>H. Nordsieck, 1984</small>: synonym of Serrulina (Serrulinella) <small>H. Nordsieck, 1984</small> represented as Serrulina <small>Mousson, 1873</small> (unaccepted rank)
  • Stereozaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1905</small>: synonym of Zaptyx (Stereozaptyx) <small>Pilsbry, 1905</small> represented as Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>
  • Thaumatoptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1908</small>: synonym of Zaptyx (Thaumatoptyx) <small>Pilsbry, 1908</small> represented as Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>
  • Tyrannophaedusa <small>Pilsbry, 1901</small>: synonym of Megalophaedusa (Tyrannophaedusa) <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small> represented as Megalophaedusa <small>O. Boettger, 1877</small>
  • Tyrannozaptyx <small>Käufel, 1930</small>: synonym of Zaptyx (Tyrannozaptyx) <small>Käufel, 1930</small> represented as Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>
  • Zaptychopsis <small>Ehrmann, 1927</small>: synonym of Zaptyx (Zaptychopsis) Ehrman<small>n, 1927</small> represented as Zaptyx <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small>

Conservation

Although non-marine molluscs appear to be exceptionally vulnerable to extinction, the IUCN Red list listed only 9 species from this family.

References

Further reading

  • Maltz T. K. & Sulikowska-Drozd A. (2008) "Life Cycles of Clausiliids of Poland — Knowns and Unknowns". Annales Zoologici 58(4): 857-880. .
  • Nordsieck H. (2007). Worldwide Door Snails. ConchBooks, 213 pp.&nbsp;.
  • Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Leiden University. HTM, PDF.
  • Uit de Weerd D. R., Piel W. H. & Gittenberger E. (2004). "Widespread polyphyly among Alopiinae snail genera: when phylogeny mirrors biogeography more closely than morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 533-548.
  • Páll-Gergely B. & Szekeres M., 2017. New and little-known Clausiliidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from Laos and southern Vietnam. Journal of Conchology 42(6): 507-519

External links