Alderflies are megalopteran insects of the family Sialidae. They are closely related to the dobsonflies and fishflies as well as to the prehistoric Euchauliodidae. All living alderflies â about 66 species all together â are part of the subfamily Sialinae, which contains nine extant genera.
Description
Sialinae have a body length of less than 25 mm (1 inch), long filamentous antennae, and four large dark wings of which the anterior pair is slightly longer than the posterior. They lack ocelli and their fourth tarsal segment is dilated and deeply bilobed. Dead alderfly larvae are used as bait in fishing.
Life cycle
The females lay a vast number of eggs on grass stems near water. When the larvae are born they drop into the water or the ground nearby it and make their way into their new aquatic biome. The larvae are aquatic, active, armed with strong sharp mandibles, and breathe by means of seven pairs of abdominal branchial filaments. When full sized, which takes between one and two years, they leave the water and spend a quiescent pupal stage on the land before metamorphosis into the sexually mature insect. Adult alderflies stay near to the water in which they had lived when they were younger. Once in their adult stage, they tend to live only 2 to 3 weeks, which they spend mainly in reproducing.
Classification
In addition to the nine living genera, there are several genera of fossil alderflies.
Family Sialidae
- Genus â Dobbertinia Handlirsch 1920 Green Series, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
- Subfamily â Sharasialinae Liu, Hayashi & D.Yang, 2015
- Genus â Sharasialis <small>Ponomarenko 2012 Shar-Teeg, Mongolia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)</small>
- Subfamily Sialinae Leach in Brewster, 1815
- Genus Austrosialis <small>Tillyard, [1919]</small>
- Species Austrosialis ignicollis <small>Tillyard, [1919]</small>
- Species Austrosialis maxmouldsi <small>Theischinger, 1983</small>
- Genus Caribesialis <small>Ardila-Camacho, Martins & Contreras-Ramos, 2021</small>
- Species Caribesialis bifasciata <small>(Hagen, 1861)</small>
- Genus â Dobbertinia <small>Handlirsch in Schröder, 1920</small>
- Species â Dobbertinia reticulata <small>Handlirsch in Schröder, 1920</small>
- Genus â Eosialis <small>Nel, Menier, De Ploëg, Hodebert & Danvin, 2002</small>
- Species â Eosialis dorisi <small>Nel et al., 2002</small>
- Genus Haplosialis <small>Navás, 1927</small>
- Species Haplosialis madegassa <small>Navás, 1927</small>
- Species Haplosialis afra <small>Navás, (1936)</small>
- Genus â Haplosialodes <small>Huang, Azar, Engel, Cai, Garrouste & Nel, 2016</small>
- Species â Haplosialodes liui <small>Huang, Azar, Engel, Cai, Garrouste & Nel, 2016</small>
- Genus Ilyobius <small>Enderlein, 1910</small>
- Species â Ilyobius balticus <small>(Wichard, 1997)</small>
- Species Ilyobius bimaculata <small>Banks, 1920</small>
- Species â Ilyobius cascus <small>(Engel & Grimaldi, 2007)</small>
- Species Ilyobius chilensis <small>(McLachlan, (1871)</small>
- Species Ilyobius curvatus <small>Liu, Hayashi & D. Yang, 2015b</small>
- Species Ilyobius flammatus <small>Penny, (1981)</small>
- Species Ilyobius flavicollis <small>(Enderlein, 1910)</small>
- Species Ilyobius hauseri <small>Contreras-Ramos, Fiorentin & Urakami, (2005)</small>
- Species â Ilyobius herrlingi <small>Wichard, 2002</small>
- Species Ilyobius mexicana <small>(Banks, 1901)</small>
- Species Ilyobius nigrocephalus <small>Ardila-Camacho, Martins & Contreras-Ramos in Ardila-Camacho et al., 2021</small>
- Species Ilyobius nubila <small>Navás, 1933b</small>
- Species Ilyobius ranchograndis <small>Contreras-Ramos, 2006b</small>
- Genus Indosialis <small>Lestage, 1927</small>
- Species Indosialis bannaensis <small>X.-y. Liu et al., 2006</small>
- Species Indosialis beskonakensis <small>Nel, 1988</small>
- Species Indosialis indica <small> X.-y. Liu et al., 2008</small>
- Species Indosialis minora <small>(Banks, 1920)</small>
- Genus Leptosialis <small>Esben-Petersen, 1920</small>
- Species Leptosialis africana <small>Esben-Petersen, 1920</small>
- Genus â Proindosialis <small>Nel, 1988</small>
- Species â Proindosialis cantalensis <small>Nel, 1988</small>
- Genus Protosialis <small>van der Weele, 1909</small>
- Species Protosialis americana <small>(Rambur, 1842)</small>
- Species Protosialis australiensis <small>(Tillyard, [1919)</small>
- Species Protosialis australis <small>Navás, 1927</small>
- Species Protosialis brasiliensis <small> Navás, 1936</small>
- Species Protosialis minora <small>Banks, 1920</small>
- Species â Protosialis voigti <small>(Wichard & Engel, 2006)</small>
- Genus Sialis <small>Latreille, 1802</small>
- Species Approximately 90
- Species Sialis abchasica <small>Vshivkova, 1985</small>
- Species Sialis aequalis <small>Banks, 1920</small>
- Species Sialis americana <small>(Rambur, 1842)</small>
- Species Sialis annae <small>Vshivkova, 1979</small>
- Species Sialis arvalis <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis atra <small>Navás, (1928)</small>
- Species Sialis bifida <small>Hayashi & Suda, 1997</small>
- Species Sialis bilineata <small>Say, 1823</small>
- Species Sialis bilobata <small>Whiting, 1991</small>
- Species Sialis californica <small>Banks, 1920</small>
- Species Sialis chilensis <small>McLachlan, (1871)</small>
- Species Sialis concava <small>Banks, 1897</small>
- Species Sialis contigua <small>Flint, 1964</small>
- Species Sialis cornuta <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis didyma <small>Navás, 1916</small>
- Species Sialis dorochovae <small>Vshivkova, 1985</small>
- Species Sialis dorsata <small>Say, 1823</small>
- Species Sialis dreisbachi <small>Flint, 1964</small>
- Species Sialis elegans <small>X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006</small>
- Species Sialis flavicollis <small>Enderlein, 1910</small>
- Species Sialis formosana <small>Esben-Petersen, 1913</small>
- Species Sialis frequens <small>Okamoto, 1905</small>
- Species Sialis fuliginosa <small>F. Pictet, 1836</small>
- Species Sialis fumosa <small>Navás, 1915</small>
- Species Sialis glabella <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis gonzalezi <small>Vshivkova, 1985</small>
- Species â Sialis groehni <small>Wichard, 1997</small>
- Species Sialis hamata <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis hasta <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis henanensis <small>X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006</small>
- Species Sialis imbecilla <small>Say, 1823</small>
- Species Sialis immarginata <small>Say, 1823</small>
- Species Sialis infumata <small>Newman, 1838</small>
- Species Sialis iola <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis itasca <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis japonica <small>van der Weele, 1909</small>
- Species Sialis jianfengensis <small>D. Yang et al., 2002</small>
- Species Sialis joppa <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis klingstedti <small>Vshivkova, 1985</small>
- Species Sialis kunmingensis <small>X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006</small>
- Species Sialis levanidovae <small>Vshivkova, 1980</small>
- Species Sialis longidens <small>Klingstedt, (1932)</small>
- Species Sialis lutaria <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
- Species Sialis martynovae <small>Vshivkova, 1980</small>
- Species Sialis melania <small>Nakahara, 1915</small>
- Subspecies Sialis melania kyushuensis <small>Hayashi & Suda, 1995</small>
- Subspecies Sialis melania melania <small>Nakahara, 1915</small>
- Subspecies Sialis melania tohokuensis <small>Hayashi & Suda, 1995</small>
- Subspecies Sialis melania toyamaensis <small>Hayashi & Suda, 1995</small>
- Species Sialis mohri <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis morio <small>Klingstedt, (1933)</small>
- Species Sialis morrisoni <small>K. Davis, 1903</small>
- Species Sialis muratensis <small>Nel, 1988</small>
- Species Sialis nevadensis <small>K. Davis, 1903</small>
- Species Sialis nigripes <small>E. Pictet, 1865</small>
- Species Sialis nina <small>Townsend, 1939</small>
- Species Sialis occidens <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis rotunda <small>Banks, 1920</small>
- Species Sialis sibirica <small>McLachlan, 1872</small>
- Species Sialis sinensis <small>Banks, (1940)</small>
- Species Sialis sordida <small>Klingstedt, (1933)</small>
- Species Sialis spangleri <small>Flint, 1964</small>
- Species Sialis strausi <small>Illies, 1967</small>
- Species Sialis vagans <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis vanderweelei <small>U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1983</small>
- Species Sialis velata <small>Ross, 1937</small>
- Species Sialis versicoloris <small>X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006</small>
- Species Sialis yamatoensis <small>Hayashi & Suda, 1995</small>
- Species Sialis zhiltzovae <small>Vshivkova, 1985</small>
- Genus Stenosialis <small>Tillyard, (1919)</small>
- Species Stenosialis australiensis <small>Tillyard, (1919)</small>
- Species Stenosialis hollowayi <small>Theischinger, 1983</small>
Sialis lutaria is the commonest alderfly in the United Kingdom and across much of Europe.
References
External links