( from , meaning "foundational" or "beginning" plus meaning "standing"; ) has been translated as "decision," "resolution," "self-determination," "will", "strong determination" and "resolute determination." In the late canonical literature of TheravÃÂda Buddhism, is one of the ten "perfections" (), exemplified by the bodhisatta's resolve to become fully awakened.
While adhiá¹Âá¹ÂhÃÂna appears sporadically in the early PÃÂli Canon, various late-canonical and post-canonical accounts of the Gautama Buddha's past lives contextualize adhiá¹Âá¹ÂhÃÂna within the TheravÃÂdin ten perfections.
In the PÃÂli Canon, in the Dëgha NikÃÂya discourse entitled, "Chanting Together" (DN 33), SÃÂriputta states that the Buddha identified the following:
In the late-canonical Buddhavaá¹Âsa, the bodhisatta Sumedha declares (represented in English and PÃÂli):
In the late-canonical CariyÃÂpiá¹Âaka, there is one account explicitly exemplifying , that of "Temiya the Wise" (Cp III.6, ). In this account, at an early age Temiya, sole heir to a throne, recalls a past life in purgatory () and thus asks for release (). In response, a compassionate advises Temiya to act unintelligent and foolish and to allow himself to be an object of people's scorn. Understanding the 's virtuous intent, Temiya agrees to this and acts as if mute, deaf, and crippled. Seeing these behaviors but finding no physiological basis for them, priests, generals and countrymen decry Temiya as "inauspicious" and plan to have Temiya cast out. When Temiya is sixteen years old, he is ceremonially anointed and then buried in a pit. The account concludes: