The Volcano school refers to a group of non-native Hawaiian artists who painted dramatic nocturnal scenes of Hawaii's erupting volcanoes. Some of the artists also produced watercolors, which, by the nature of the medium, tended to be diurnal. At their best, these paintings exemplify a fusion of the European Sublime aesthetic, Romantic landscapes, and the American landscape traditions. Two volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii, Kilauea and Mauna Loa, were intermittently active during the 1880s and 1890s, when interest in Volcano school paintings peaked. Getting to Kilauea, the more frequently painted volcano required an arduous two- or three-day roundtrip journey on horseback.
The Volcano school's body of work is largely the product of pieces by Charles Furneaux, Joseph D. Strong, and Jules Tavernier. These artists are now generally thought of as the "old-masters" of Hawaiian painting. Printmaker and art educator Huc-Mazelet Luquiens called this period "a little Hawaiian renaissance".
Jules Tavernier (French 1844âÂÂ1889) was arguably the most important Volcano school painter. Other artists include Ernst William Christmas (Australian 1863âÂÂ1918), Constance Fredericka Gordon Cumming (Scottish 1837âÂÂ1924), Charles Furneaux (American 1835âÂÂ1913), D. Howard Hitchcock (American 1861âÂÂ1943), Ogura Yonesuke Itoh (Japanese 1870âÂÂ1940), Ambrose McCarthy Patterson (Australian 1877âÂÂ1966), Titian Ramsey Peale (American 1799âÂÂ1885), Louis Pohl (American 1915âÂÂ1999), Eduardo Lefebvre Scovell (British 1864âÂÂ1918), William Pinkney Toler (American 1826âÂÂ1899), William Twigg-Smith (New Zealander 1883âÂÂ1950), Joseph Dwight Strong (American 1852âÂÂ1899) and Lionel Walden (American 1861âÂÂ1933).
A selection of Volcano school paintings is usually on display at the Honolulu Museum of Art.
Although the American landscape painter Frederic Edwin Church produced similar paintings of EcuadorâÂÂs Cotopaxi Volcano during and after visits in 1853 and 1857, he is not considered a member of this group and he never visited the Hawaiian Islands.