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Utmankhel

The Utmankhel (; ) are a Pashtun tribe primarily inhabiting the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, with smaller populations in Afghanistan. They are members of the Karlani tribal confederacy and are concentrated in the Bajaur District, Malakand District, Mohmand District (specifically the Prang Ghar sub-division), and Lower Dir District. Significant numbers also reside in Mardan, Swabi, and Peshawar.

History and Origins

According to tribal tradition, the Utmankhel are descendants of Baba Utman, a follower of Mahmud of Ghazni. They are believed to have migrated from the Sulaiman Mountains near Tank and the Gomal River in the early 14th century, eventually settling in their current territories between the Swat River and Bajaur during the 16th century—the same period the Yousafzai occupied Swat.

Historically, the Utmankhel maintained a reputation for independence, frequently resisting both Mughal and British authority. During the British Raj, colonial administrators classified the Utmankhel as a "warlike" people and included them among the Martial Races due to their fierce resistance in regions like Prang Ghar and the Malakand Pass.

Culture and Language

The Utmankhel speak the Northeastern (Yousafzai) dialect of Pashto. While they have largely assimilated the dress and general customs of their neighbors in Bajaur and Swat, they maintain a distinct tribal constitution known as Utmankheli, a set of unwritten laws passed through the Jirga system that governs their lifestyle and dispute resolution.

Notable people

See also

References

Sources

  • A-H. McMahon and A.D.G. Ramsay Report on the Tribes of Dir, Swat and Bajour together with the Utmankhel and Sam Ranizai, reprint 1981, p. 27. Henceforth McMahon and Ramsay

External links

  • http://www.antiquesatoz.com/stephenherold/nwfrontc.htm Expeditions Against the Tribes of the Northwest Frontier Province from 1847 to 1908
  • Documents compiled by the Intelligence Department of the Government of British India, 1937 Who's Who Directory of Dir Swat and Chitral Agency
  • https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11018225 CALCUTTA, Newspaper 27 Feb.. 1935
  • Zamung Mujahidin By Abdul Haleem Asar Afghani
  • Gumnam Pakhtun Heroes by Farhad Ali Khawar