The Ukrainian orthography of 1933 () is the Ukrainian orthography, adopted in 1933 in Kharkiv, the capital of the Ukrainian SSR. It began the process of artificial convergence of Ukrainian and Russian language traditions of orthography. Some norms that were rejected due to their absence in the Russian orthography were returned to the Ukrainian orthography of 2019.
In the 1920s, Ukrainian linguistics flourished, and considerable work was done to standardize the Ukrainian literary language, scientific terminology, and dictionaries. The work of scientists was marked by the publication of the Ukrainian orthography in 1928, which for the first time became official and unified for the whole of Ukraine. The Academic Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary, ed. Ahatanhel Krymskyi. However, the codification of 1928âÂÂ1929, which combined the Dnieper and Transdniestrian language norms in one orthographic code, proved unsatisfactory under those political circumstances and required changes.
In the early 1930s, a wave of total planned Russification swept over Ukraine under the slogans of the struggle against Ukrainian nationalism.
The "new era" of Soviet policy in relation to Ukrainian culture, as well as language, began after the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on April 3, 1932, "On the Suppression of Nationalism in Ukraine" and the introduction of communist ideas throughout. To do this, Pavel Postyshev was sent to Ukraine, and he arrived in the capital, Kharkiv, in January 1933. He forcibly cleansed Ukraine of "nationalists." On July 7, 1933, Mykola Skrypnyk committed suicide without enduring torture. Members of the Presidium of the Orthography Commission Vsevolod Hantsov, A. Prykhodko, S. Pylypenko were repressed (Oleksa Syniavsky and A. Krymskyi were later repressed). The orthography looked for the "nationalist wreckage" needed to fight the Ukrainian national revival.
To destroy and stop the flourishing of the Ukrainian language in general, and the literary language in particular, the Bolsheviks first undertook with other people's hands - this was undertaken by Andrii Khvylia (real name Olinter) and N. Kaganovych. In fact, they were the first to make a fuss, as if in Ukrainian linguistics it was a bourgeois-chauvinistic destructive method, which A. Khvylia consolidated in his sad memory with the book "Eradicate, Destroy the Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism on the Linguistic Front", Kharkiv, 1933, printed 15,000 copies.
A. Khvylia, chairman of the newly created 1933 Orthography Commission at the People's Commissariat of Education, stated:
Without any discussions or conferences, the said Commission "revised" and in 1933 issued new rules. The letter ÃÂ was dropped from the alphabet, the spelling of foreign words was radically changed, and paradigms of declension tokens were changed. About 126 amendments have been made to the rules, the section on orthography of foreign words has been completely changed. The new orthography rules were first published in the journal "Polytechnic Education" (933, No. 6), at the end of 1933 they were published in a separate book "Ukrainian orthography".
With accusations of drive a wedge between Russian and Ukrainian language practices:
The names of the cities began to end in -ÃÂÃÂú, -ÃÂÃÂú (not -ÃÂÃÂúõ, -ÃÂÃÂúõ): ÃÂþûþÃÂøýÃÂÃÂúõ, áÃÂðÃÂþñÃÂûÃÂÃÂÃÂúõ, ÃÂøýÃÂÃÂúõ, ÃÂÃÂýþò'ÃÂòÃÂÃÂúõ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂúõ, etc.
Such names as nouns began to be distinguished: ÃÂ÷ áÃÂðÃÂþñÃÂûÃÂÃÂÃÂúð, ÿÃÂô ÃÂþûþÃÂøýÃÂÃÂúþü, and not as adjectives: ÃÂ÷ áÃÂðÃÂþñÃÂûÃÂÃÂÃÂúþóþ, ÿÃÂô ÃÂþûþÃÂøýÃÂÃÂúøü.
Adjectives formed from the names of cities ÿõÃÂõüøÃÂÃÂúøù, ÃÂðôþüøÃÂÃÂúøù, inverted on ÿõÃÂõüøÃÂûÃÂÃÂÃÂúøù, ÃÂðôþüøÃÂûÃÂÃÂÃÂúøù.
After the physical massacre of linguists, the terminological case suffered another blow. Special brigades were set up to review dictionaries and remove "nationalist" words and terms; by violent methods all terminology (technical, scientific) is brought into full compliance with the Russian. Even in linguistics, Russian grammatical terminology has been introduced, rejecting all the achievements of Ukrainian scholars.
The "orthographic" reform has actually turned into a struggle with the original and authentic features of the Ukrainian language. To this end, Andriy Khvylia, a fighter against "nationalism" in linguistics, himself later repressed for nationalism, put forward the following demands to the party's supervisory bodies for terminological activities:
Ukrainian vocabulary was made dependent on Russian, there was a systematic elimination of specific Ukrainian vocabulary and its replacement by Russian. For example:
Specific Ukrainian word ÷ðúþÃÂøÃÂÃÂøù (÷ðúþÃÂøÃÂÃÂøù úþüÃÂÃÂ) removed from dictionaries and introduced words òÃÂôúûðôýøù (òÃÂôúûðôýøù úþüÃÂÃÂ), because it repeats the Russian form þÃÂûþöýþù (þÃÂûþöýþù òþÃÂþÃÂýøú).
When the compilers of the 1933 Orthography were repressed, in circumstances of fear and language chaos, all periodicals, as well as publishing houses in the UkrSSR, regularly received lists of words to avoid from the leading Communist party publication.
Exactly the same language policy is applied to the Belarusian language. Also in 1933, a new Belarusian spelling was introduced â "Narkamaà Âka", about 30 phonetic and morphological features, taken from the Russian language, were introduced into the Belarusian language. Active Russification of Belarusian vocabulary began by directing the lexicographic practice.
(Alternate link: http://movahistory.org.ua/wiki/ãúÃÂðÃÂýÃÂÃÂúøù_ÿÃÂðòþÿøÃÂ._1933_ÃÂ. .)