Tucanoan languages

Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.

Classification

Chacon (2014)

There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.

• Tucanoan
• Western Tucanoan
• ?Cueretú (Kueretú)
• Napo
• Orejón ( M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
• Correguaje–Secoya
• Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, Caquetá)
• Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
• ?Macaguaje ( Kakawahe, Piohé)
• Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
• Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
• ?Tama
• Eastern Tucanoan
• South
• Tanimuca ( Retuarã)
• ?Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna)
• West
• Barasana–Macuna
• Macuna ( Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
• Barasana (Southern Barasano, Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
• Cubeo–Desano
• Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
• Yupua–Desano
• ?Yupuá
• Desano–Siriano ( Desano)
• East
• Central
• Tucano (Tukana, Dasea)
• Waimaha–Tatuyo
• Waimajã ( Bara, Northern Barasano)
• Tatuyo
• North
• Kotiria–Piratapuyo
• Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
• Piratapuyo ( Waikina, Uiquina)
• Pisamira–Yuruti
• Pisamira–Carapano (Carapana, Karapana)
• Tuyuca–Yuruti
• Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, Bara, Barasana)
• Yurutí

Plus unclassified Miriti.

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):

( = extinct)

• Tukano
• Tukano, Western
• Kueretu
• Tukano, Western, Nuclear
• Mai Huna
• Koreguaje-Pioje
• Koreguaje-Tama
• Koreguaje
• Tama
• Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
• Makaguaje
• Sekoya
• Siona
• Tetete
• Tukano, Eastern
• Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna
• Tukano, Eastern, West
• Kubeo-Desano
• Kubeo
• Desano-Yupua
• Desano; Siriano
• Yupua
• Makuna; Barasano; Eduria
• Tukano, Eastern, East
• Tukano-Tatuyo
• Tukano
• Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha
• Tatuyo
• Bara; Waimaha
• Tuyuka-Wanano
• Wanano-Piratapuyu
• Wanano
• Piratapuyo
• Tuyuka-Karapanã
• Karapanã; Pisamira
• Tuyuka; Yuruti

Loukotka (1968)

Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

Western group

• Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River, Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct.
• Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
• Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River, department of Loreto, Peru.
• Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
• Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River, Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)
• Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River, Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.)
• Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
• Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo, by a few families.
• Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River, Tarapoto River, and Aguarico River, Loreto.
• Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River, Loreto, Peru.

Yahuna group

• Yahuna / Jaúna - spoken on the Apoporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia.
• Tanimuca / Opaina - spoken by a small tribe on the Popeyaca River and Guacayá River, Amazonas, Colombia.
• Dätuana - spoken north of the preceding tribe on the Apoporis River.
• Menimehe - spoken by a very little known tribe at the mouth of the Mirití-paraná River and Caquetá River. (Unattested.)

Yupua group

• Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River, a tributary of the Apoporis River, Colombia.
• Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
• Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.

Coretu group

• Coretu / Kueretú - spoken on the Mirití-paraná River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.

Cubeo group

• Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are:
• Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River, Amazonas.
• Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River.
• Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River.
• Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)

Särä group

• Särä - spoken between the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
• Ömöa - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
• Buhágana / Karawatana - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Macuna - spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, Colombia.

Erulia group

• Erulia / Paboa / Eduria - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Tsaloa - spoken on the Piraparaná River.
• Palänoa - spoken on the middle course of the Piraparaná River.

Desána group

• Desána / Wína / Vina - spoken between the Tiquié River and Caiarí River, partly in Colombia and partly in Brazil.
• Chiránga / Siriána - spoken on the Paca-igarapé River, Colombia.

Tucano group

• Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River; state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Uaíana - on the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River, partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia.
• Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.)
• Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River, Colombia.
• Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River, Colombia.
• Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
• Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé, Colombia.
• Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River, Colombia.
• Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River, Colombia.
• Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras, Brazil.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

Proto-language

Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):

References

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

External links

• Proel: Familia Tucanoana