Trogulidae

Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.

Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera, the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps.

Distribution

Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.

Name

The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from the Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.

Species

The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:

• Anarthrotarsus <small>Å ilhavý, 1967</small>

*Anarthrotarsus martensi <small>Šilhavý, 1967</small>Greece

*Anarthrotarsus trichasi <small>Kontos & Martens, 2022</small>Greece

• Anelasmocephalus <small>Simon, 1879</small>

*Anelasmocephalus balearicus <small>Martens & Chemini, 1988</small>Spain (Baleares)

*Anelasmocephalus brignolii <small>Martens & Chemini, 1988</small>Italy (Sardinia)

*Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus <small>Martens & Chemini, 1988</small>Italy (Sicily)

*Anelasmocephalus cambridgei <small>(Westwood, 1874)</small>UK to Balkans (Europe)

*Anelasmocephalus cazorla <small>Prieto & Las Heras, 2020</small>Spain

*Anelasmocephalus crassipes <small>(H. Lucas, 1846)</small>Algeria, Tunisia

*Anelasmocephalus gadirrif <small>Prieto & Las Heras, 2020</small>Spain, Morocco

*Anelasmocephalus hadzii <small>Martens, 1978</small>Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans

*Anelasmocephalus lycosinus <small>(Sørensen, 1873)</small>Italy

*Anelasmocephalus ortunioi <small>Prieto & Las Heras, 2020</small>Spain

*Anelasmocephalus osellai <small>Martens & Chemini, 1988</small>Italy

*Anelasmocephalus pusillus <small>Simon, 1879</small>Italy, France (Corsica)

*Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus <small>Martens, 1978</small>Spain

*Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis <small>Simon, 1879</small>Italy, France, Switzerland

*Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis <small>Martens & Chemini, 1988</small>France

*Anelasmocephalus tuscus <small>Martens & Chemini, 1988</small>Italy

• Calathocratus <small>Simon, 1879</small>

*Calathocratus africanus <small>(H. Lucas, 1846)</small>Algeria, Tunisia, Italy

*Calathocratus beieri <small>Gruber, 1968</small>Turkey

*Calathocratus caucasicus <small>(Šilhavý, 1966)</small>Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran.

*Calathocratus hirsutus <small>Snegovaya, 2011</small>Russia

*Calathocratus intermedius <small>Roewer, 1940</small>Greece (Crete)

*Calathocratus kyrghyzicus <small>(Chemeris, 2013)</small>Kyrgyzstan

*Calathocratus minutus <small>Snegovaya, 2011</small>Russia

*Calathocratus rhodiensis <small>(Gruber, 1963)</small>Greece (Rhodes)

*Calathocratus singularis <small>(Roewer, 1940)</small>Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey

*Calathocratus sinuosus <small>(Sørensen, 1873)</small>Italy

• Kofiniotis <small>Roewer, 1940</small>

*Kofiniotis creticus <small>Roewer, 1940</small>Greece (Crete)

• Trogulus <small>Latreille, 1802</small>

*Trogulus aquaticus <small>Simon, 1879</small>France (Corsica)

*Trogulus balearicus <small>Schönhofer & Martens, 2008</small>Spain (Baleares)

*Trogulus banaticus <small>Avram, 1971</small>Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc.

*Trogulus cisalpinus <small>Chemini & Martens, 1988</small>Italy

*Trogulus closanicus <small>Avram, 1971</small>Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc

*Trogulus coreiformis <small>C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839</small>(Unknown locality) <small>[Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]</small>

*Trogulus coriziformis <small>C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839</small> Italy (contra reports of widespread)

*Trogulus cristatus <small>Simon, 1879</small>France, Italy

*Trogulus falcipenis <small>Komposch, 1999</small>Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia

*Trogulus graecus <small>Dahl, 1903</small>Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans)

*Trogulus gypseus <small>Simon, 1879</small> Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece.

*Trogulus hirtus <small>Dahl, 1903</small> Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia

*Trogulus huberi <small>Schönhofer & Martens, 2008</small>Portugal

*Trogulus karamanorum <small>Schönhofer & Martens, 2009</small>Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans)

*Trogulus lusitanicus <small>Giltay, 1932</small> Portugal

*Trogulus lygaeiformis <small>C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839</small> Greece <small>[Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]</small>

*Trogulus martensi <small>Chemini, 1983</small> Italy, France, etc

*Trogulus megaligrava <small>Schönhofer et al., 2013</small>Greece (Corfu)

*Trogulus melitensis <small>Schönhofer & Martens, 2009</small>Croatia

*Trogulus nepaeformis <small>(Scopoli, 1763)</small>Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe)

*Trogulus oltenicus <small>Avram, 1971</small>Romania

*Trogulus ozimeci <small>Schönhofer et al., 2013</small>Croatia

*Trogulus pharensis <small>Schönhofer & Martens, 2009</small>Croatia

*Trogulus prietoi <small>Schönhofer & Martens, 2008</small>Spain

*Trogulus pulverulentus <small>C. L. Koch, 1856</small>Spain <small>[Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]</small>

*Trogulus pyrenaicus <small>Schönhofer & Martens, 2008</small>Spain

*Trogulus rossicus <small>Šilhavý, 1968</small>Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

*Trogulus setosissmus <small>Roewer, 1940</small>Croatia

*Trogulus squamatus <small>C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839</small>Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia)

*Trogulus templetonii <small>Westwood, 1833</small>Spain <small>[Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]</small>

*Trogulus tenuitarsus <small>Schönhofer et al., 2013</small>Macedonia

*Trogulus thaleri <small>Schönhofer & Martens, 2009</small>Croatia

*Trogulus tingiformis <small>C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839</small>Germany, etc (Central Europe)

*Trogulus torosus <small>Simon, 1885</small>Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia)

*Trogulus tricarinatus <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe)

*Trogulus uncinatus <small>Gruber, 1973</small>Turkey

See also extinct:

*†Trogulus longipes <small>Haupt, 1956</small> (fossil: Eocene)

Plus see unknown:

• †Amphitrogulus <small>Gourret, 1887</small>

*†Amphitrogulus sternalis <small>Gourret, 1887</small>

References

Further reading

• Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae
• (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press