The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pineâÂÂoak forests is a subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of central Mexico.
The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pineâÂÂoak forests occupy an area of , extending from Jalisco state in the west to Veracruz in the east.
The main mass of the volcanic belt extends east to west through the states of Jalisco, Michoacán, México, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Veracruz. The ecoregion includes the smaller mountain ranges which rise from the Mexican Plateau, including the Sierra de Santa Rosa, Sierra de Lobos, and Sierra de Pénjamo in Guanajuato, and northwards to El Gogorrón National Park in San Luis PotosÃÂ.
The pineâÂÂoak forests are surrounded by tropical dry forests at lower elevations to the west, northwest, and south; the Jalisco dry forests to the west and southwest; the Balsas dry forests to the south in the basin of the Balsas River, and the BajÃÂo dry forests to the northwest in the basin of the RÃÂo Grande de Santiago and the lower Rio Lerma. The Central Mexican matorral lies to the north of the range in the high basins of the Plateau, including the Valley of Mexico and the upper reaches of the Lerma around Toluca. The Tehuacán Valley matorral lies in the rain shadow valley to the southeast in Puebla and Tlaxcala states. To the east, the moist Veracruz montane forests and Oaxacan montane forests are the transition between the pineâÂÂoak forests and the lowland tropical forests along the Gulf of Mexico.
Pockets of montane grassland and shrubland, known as Zacatonal, grow at high elevations among the pineâÂÂoak forests.
The chief plant communities are pine forests, pineâÂÂoak forests, oak forests, pineâÂÂcedar forests, pineâÂÂfir forests, and zacatonal. The plant communities vary with elevation and rainfall.
Pine forests are generally found between 2,275 and 2,600 m. PineâÂÂoak forests occur between 2,470 and 2,600 m. PineâÂÂcedar forests can be found above 2,700 m. PineâÂÂfir forests occur above 3000 m.
In the pine forests, Montezuma pine (Pinus montezumae) is generally predominant, with smooth-bark Mexican pine (P. pseudostrobus) predominant in more humid areas, and Hartweg's pine (P. hartwegii) and P. tecote in dry areas with shallow soils. Pinus veitchii is endemic to the central portion of the ecoregion, which grows in pineâÂÂoak and mixed conifer forests from approximately 2500 to 3200 meters elevation, where it is often emergent.
PineâÂÂfir forests are composed almost entirely of Hartweg's pine (Pinus hartwegii) and sacred fir (Abies religiosa).
The western portion of the ecoregion, in western Jalisco and Colima states, is home to several endemic species. Quercus iltisii is found in the mountains of Jalisco and Colima. Quercus cualensis is known only from the Sierra el Cuale in western Jalisco between 1,800 and 2,300 meters elevation, and is endangered. Quercus tuitensis is found only in the lower montane forests of Jalisco's Sierra el Tuito. Magnolia iltisiana is found in the Manantlán and Cacoma sierras of Jalisco and near Morelia in Michoacán. Acer binzayedii is known only from the Sierra de Manantlán. Pinus jaliscana is also endemic to western Jalisco, where it is found mostly in the Sierra el Cuale and Sierra el Tuito.
The Transvolcanic jay, (Aphelocoma ultramarina), Sierra Madre sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi) and the green-striped brushfinch (Atlapetes virenticeps) are near-endemic species, limited to the pineâÂÂoak forests of the Transvolcanic Range and the southern Sierra Madre Occidental. Other native birds include the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), long-tailed wood partridge (Dendrortyx macroura), white-tipped dove (Leptotila verreauxi), Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae), banded quail (Philortx fasciatus), northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), and grey-barred wren (Campylorhynchus megalopterus).
The volcano rabbit (Romerolagus diazi) and the Mexican volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni) are endemic to the ecoregion.
The Volcanic Belt pineâÂÂoak forests of eastern Michoacán and western México states is the winter habitat of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), which migrate from temperate regions of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. The Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve is within this ecoregion.
17.85% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include: