my-server
← Wiki Redirected from Timeline of Palestine

Timeline of the Palestine region

The timeline of the Palestine region is a timeline of major events in the history of Palestine. For more details on the history of Palestine see History of Palestine. In cases where the year or month is uncertain, it is marked with a slash, for example 636/7 and January/February.

Mesozoic/Cenozoic geological eras

  • c. 65–70 million BCE – A Prognathodon dies in the Negev region; its complete skull was discovered in a phosphate mine in the Negev in 1993.

Palaeolithic

Epipalaeolithic

  • c. 9000 BCE – Natufian hunter-gatherer groups form a permanent settlement that would come to be known as Jericho.

Neolithic

Neolithic (8,500–4,500 BCE).

  • Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN)
  • Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
  • Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
  • Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC)
  • Pottery Neolithic (PN)

Chalcolithic (Copper Age)

Chalcolithic (4,500–3,500 BCE).

Bronze Age; Canaanite city-states

Early Bronze Age

Early Bronze Age (3,500–2,350 BCE).

  • 34th century BCE – Taur Ikhbeineh was inhabited
  • c. 3300 BCE – The Egyptian city of Tell es-Sakan was established. It is the earliest fortified Egyptian settlement identified through archaeological excavation.
  • c. 3000 BCE – Tell es-Sakan was abandoned.
  • c. 2600 BCE – Tell es-Sakan was reinhabited by the Canaanites.
  • c. 2250 BCE – The Canaanite settlement of Tell es-Sakan was abandoned.

Intermediate Bronze Age

Intermediate Bronze Age (2,350–2000 BCE).

Middle Bronze Age

Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BCE).

Late Bronze Age

Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE).

Iron Age; Israelite kingdoms and Philistine pentapolis

Iron Age I

Iron Age I (1200–1000 BCE).

IAI can be split into Iron Age IA (1200–1150 BCE) and Iron Age IB (1150–1000 BCE).

Iron Age II

Iron Age II (1000–586 BCE).

IAII can be split into Iron Age IIA (1000–900 BCE), Iron Age IIB (900–700 BCE), and Iron Age IIC (700–586 BCE).

Babylonian and Persian periods

The Babylonian period began with the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587 or 586 BCE. The Persian period spans the years 539–332 BCE, from the time Cyrus II of Persia ("the Great") conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire, to the conquest of the region by Alexander the Great.

Hellenistic period and the Kingdom of Hasmonean Judea

The Hellenistic period began with Alexander the Great's conquest of Palestine in 332 BCE and ended with Pompey's conquest of Palestine in 63 BCE. Alternatively, it can be considered to end with the victory of Rome's client king, Herod the Great, over the last Hasmonean king of Judea in 37 BCE. After Alexander's death, Palestine was part of Ptolemaic Egypt until being conquered by the Seleucids.

  • c. 260 BCE – Beit She'an is refounded as the poleis Scythopolis by Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
  • 200 BCE – The Seleucid emperor Antiochus III the Great conquers Palestine.
  • 175 BCE:
  • Seleucus IV () dies and is succeeded by Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV.
  • Antiochus IV Epiphanes () becomes the Seleucid emperor.
  • 174 BCE – Antiochus appoints Jason as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple.
  • 172 BCE – Antiochus replaces Jason with Menelaus as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple as the latter offers to pay a much bigger tribute.
  • Late 170 BCE/early 169 BCE – Antiochus invades Egypt but decides to return. Perhaps because of disturbances in Palestine. His return is triumphant and he brings many spoils.
  • 169 BCE, autumn – On his way back from Egypt, Antiochus raids the Jerusalem Temple and confiscates its treasures.
  • 168 BCE, spring – Antiochus invades Egypt but the Romans force him to withdraw. Meanwhile, rumors spread in Judea that the king has died and Jason launches a surprise attack on Jerusalem, captures the city, and kills supporters of his rival Menelaus. Antiochus interprets Jason's attack as a rebellion and sends an army that retakes Jerusalem and drives Jason's followers away.
  • 167 BCE, autumn – Antiochus IV Epiphanes outlaws Judaism in Judea and allows pagan worship at the Jerusalem temple.
  • 165 BCE, spring – Antiochus campaigns against the Parthians.
  • 164 BCE:
  • spring – Antiochus issues a letter repealing the ban on Judaism and promising amnesty for the insurgents who return before March 164. The provincial land-tax from 167 BCE is abolished. The Maccabees does not take up the Seleucids offer and the insurgency continues.
  • summer – The Maccabees carries out a number of punitive expeditions, likely led by Judas, against people who had participated in the persecution against Jews.
  • autumn/winter – Judas enters Jerusalem and the altar to Zeus and other pagan artifacts are removed from the Temple. Meanwhile, Antiochus dies in Persis, igniting a century-long war of succession in Antioch, the capital of the Seleucid empire.
  • 161 BCE – Judas Maccabeus is killed in battle and his army is routed.
  • 152 BCE – Jonathan Apphus is appointed high priest of the Jerusalem temple by the Seleucids.
  • c. 145 BCE – The Seleucid ruler Demetrius II Nicator lets Judea annex the three southern Samarian districts Lydda, Aphairema, and Ramathaim.
  • 135/4 BCE – John Hyrcanus becomes Hasmonean king.
  • 129 BCE – The Seleucid emperor Antiochus VII Sidetes dies.
  • c. 112–107 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy the Samaritan temple at Mount Gerizim and devastates Shechem.
  • c. 108/7 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy Scythopolis.
  • 104 BCE – Aristobulus I succeeds Hyrcanus as king of Judea.
  • 103 BCE – Alexander Jannaeus succeeds Aristobulus. He greatly extends the Hasmonean kingdom, concentrating on Greek cities along the Palestinian coast.
  • 76 BCE – Hyrcanus II succeeds Alexander Jannaeus.

Classical/Polytheistic Roman period

The Roman period lasted from Pompey's conquest of Palestine in 63 BCE, until the legal establishment of Christianity in the realm. Suggestions for the end date vary between the Edict of Milan in 313 CE by which Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius declare Christianity a permitted religion, and the declaration of Nicene Christianity as the sole state religion by three co-emperors including Theodosius, emperor of the East, through the Edict of Thessalonica of 380; 324, the year Constantine became sole ruler, is often preferred. The Roman period is split into Early and Late sub-periods, some authors adding a Middle one.

  • 63 BCE – Roman troops occupy Palestine.
  • 1st century BC – The earliest known burials at the Ard-al-Moharbeen necropolis were created.
  • 57–54 BCE – Scythopolis is rebuilt by the Roman proconsul Gabinius.
  • 47 BCE:
  • Herod the Great is appointed governor of Galilee.
  • Herod clears out Hezekiah's "brigands," who had been harassing people in southern Syria.
  • 40 BCE:
  • The Parthians invade Judea, seize Jerusalem, and appoint Antigonus II Mattathias King of Judea.
  • Herod visits Rome to seek Mark Antony's support. He is appointed king by the Roman senate.
  • 37 BCE – Herod the Great conquers Judea with the help of Roman and Jewish troops. Antigonus II Mattathias, who had barricaded himself in the city, is beheaded by Mark Antony.
  • 31 BCE – 31 BC Judea earthquake. A powerful earthquake occurs in Judea.
  • 27 BCE – King Herod rebuilds Samaria and renames it Sebastia.
  • 23 BCE – King Herod builds a palace and fortress called Herodium, about south of Jerusalem.
  • 22 BCE – Herod begins construction of a new city and harbor called Caesarea Maritima at the old settlement Straton's Tower.
  • 20 BCE:
  • Herod is awarded large swathes of northern territory by emperor Augustus to add to his kingdom.
  • Citizens of Gadara appeal to Augustus to be excluded from Herod's kingdom.
  • 19 BCE – King Herod the Great further extends the Temple Mount's natural plateau and rebuilds the temple.
  • c. 10 BCE – Caesarea is completed.
  • 7 BCE - Herod has his two sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, executed.
  • 7–2 BCE – Birth of Jesus.
  • 4 BCE – Herod dies and a wave of unrest sweeps Palestine.
  • 6 CE:
  • Leading Jews and Samaritans ask Augustus to remove Herod Archelaus from the throne. He obliges and Archelaus is deposed and exiled. His territory, consisting of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, is organized into the Roman district Iudaea.
  • First Roman census of Judea.
  • c. 20 – Tiberias in Galilee is founded by Herod Antipas, one of Herod the Great's successors.
  • 26–33 – Jesus is crucified.
  • 37 – Herod Philip dies.
  • 39 – Antipas is removed from his post and banished to Gaul. Herod Agrippa I receives his territories.
  • 41 – Agrippa I becomes king of parts of the Herodian kingdom which, in 6 CE, had been divided by Herod's sons.
  • 44 – Herod Agrippa I dies. Judea comes under direct Roman administration.
  • 62–64 – Completion of the rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple begun by Herod.
  • 66–70 – First Jewish revolt:
  • 66 – The revolt breaks out in the summer.
  • 67 – Roman legions invade Palestine.
  • 69 – Vespasian is declared emperor and leaves for Rome. His older son, Titus, takes command of the Roman legions in Palestine.
  • 70 – The Romans capture Jerusalem and destroy the Second Temple.
  • 73/4 – The Romans capture Masada, the last rebel holdout.
  • 70/1 – Provincia Iudaea is established.
  • 2nd century – The latest known burials at the Ard-al-Moharbeen necropolis were created.
  • 106 – The Romans annex Nabataea, reorganizing it as the province of Arabia.
  • 120 – First imperial road built through Galilee.
  • 129/130 – The Roman emperor Hadrian visits Syria, Palestine, and Arabia, and founds the Roman colony Aelia Capitolina at Jerusalem. Presumably, the outbreak of the Bar Kokhba revolt is directly linked to this event.
  • 132–135 – Bar Kokhba revolt:
  • 195 – The bishops of Caesarea and Jerusalem, Theophilus and Narcissus, preside over a council in Caesarea to settle a growing dispute over the proper date of the celebration of Easter.
  • 222 – Caesarea becomes the metropolitan see for Palestine.
  • 270 – Zenobia, ruler of the Palmyrene Empire, conquers most of the Roman east including Palestine.
  • 272 – Palestine is recaptured by Rome.

Byzantine/Christian Roman period

Allowing for varying starting dates (see above under Roman period), this timeline chooses for convenience's sake to set the starting year of the Byzantine period as 313, when Constantine declared Christianity a permitted religion. The period ends with the Muslim conquest of Palestine in 637–641.

Early Muslim period

Rashidun period

  • 637 (or 638) – Jerusalem falls to the armies of Rashidun caliph Umar Ibn el-Khatab. Jews are permitted to return to the city after 5 centuries of Roman rule.
  • June/July – The Rashiduns capture Gaza.
  • summer – Ascalon surrenders to the Rashiduns.
  • late – The Rashiduns and the Byzantines consent to a truce.
  • 640 – The Rashiduns capture Caesarea.
  • 641 – The Rashiduns capture Ashkelon, completing their conquest of the Holy Land.
  • 659 – Earthquake.

Umayyad period

  • 661 – The Umayyad family takes control of the caliphate and moves its capital to Damascus, following the assassination of the Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib.
  • 687–691 – The Dome of the Rock is built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem at the site where, according to Islam, Muhammad ascended to heaven.
  • c. 715 – Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik founds Ramla; it becomes the capital and administrative center of Palestine.
  • 744:
  • February – Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik dies and is succeeded by Al-Walid II.
  • spring – Beginning of widespread mutinies against the Umayyads.
  • April – Caliph Al-Walid II is assassinated and succeeded by Yazid III.
  • October – Yazid III is assassinated and succeeded by Ibrahim ibn al-Walid.
  • November – Caliph Ibrahim is defeated in battle by Marwan II who becomes the new caliph.
  • 745 – Theodore is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.
  • 749 January 18 – The Galilee earthquake destroys Tiberias, Scythopolis, Hippos, and Pella. Many other cities throughout the Jordan valley suffer heavy damage. Tens of thousands of lives are lost.

Abbasid period

  • 747–750 – Civil war resulting in the overthrow of the Umayyads; the Abbasid family seize control of the caliphate.
  • 758 – The Caliph Al-Mansur visits Jerusalem and possibly orders the renovation of the Dome of the Rock.
  • 762 – The Abbasids found Baghdad and designate it the caliphate's new capital.
  • 792/3 – War between the tribes of Palestine
  • 796 – Battles between the tribes of Palestine.
  • 799 – The Patriarch of Jerusalem sends a mission to the Frankish king Charlemagne and the latter returns the favor.
  • c. 800 – The Jewish High Council, headed by Gaon, moves from Tiberias to Jerusalem.
  • 800 – The Patriarch of Jerusalem sends another mission to Charlemagne carrying the keys to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, together with a banner.
  • 807 – A rebellion breaks out. Led by Abu'l-Nida', it has its epicenter in Eilat.
  • 813 – Earthquake.
  • c. 820 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is repaired.
  • 820 – Basil is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.
  • 855 – Solomon is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.
  • 885 – The Abbasids reconquer Damascus.
  • 873 – The governor of Egypt, Ahmad Ibn Tulun, breaks with the Abbasids and establishes independent rule.
  • 878 – The Tulunids occupy most of the former Byzantine Diocese of the East, enabling them to defend Egypt against Abbasid attacks.
  • 879 – Elias III is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.
  • c. 881 – Elias III of Jerusalem appeals to the Franks.
  • c. 903 – Persian geographer Ibn al-Faqih visits Jerusalem.
  • 905/6 – The Abbasids regain control of Palestine.
  • 908/9 – Al-Muqtadir forbids Christians from serving in administrative positions.
  • c. 913 – Spanish scholar Ibn Abd Rabbih visits Jerusalem.
  • 935 – Al-Ikhshid takes control of Egypt and establishes independent rule.
  • 937 March 26 – Rioting Muslims burn down the Church of the Resurrection and loot the Chapel of Golgotha.
  • 939:
  • October 17 – Muhammad ibn Ra'iq conquers Ramla.
  • late – Battle of al-'Arish between Ibn Ra'iq and al-Ikhshid.
  • 946 July – Sayf al-Dawla invades Palestine.
  • 966 – A Muslim-Jewish mob torches the Church of Resurrection, plunders it, and kills Jerusalem's Patriarch John VII.

Fatimid period

  • 969/70 – The Fatimids, a self-proclaimed Shia caliphate, defeat the Ikhshidids and appoint a Jewish governor.
  • 971 – The Qarmatians attack Damascus.
  • September 5 – The Qarmatians conquer Ramla.
  • December – The Fatimids ward off a Qarmatian invasion near Fustat.
  • 972 or 975 – Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes leads an expedition that reaches as far south as Caesarea and Tiberias in Palestine.
  • 975:
  • winter – The Turkish officer Alptakin conquers Sidon and slaughters the population.
  • spring – Alptakin conquers Tiberias.
  • April – Alptakin conquers Damascus.
  • 977 March 12 – Ramla is again conquered by the Qarmatians.
  • 978:
  • Joseph II is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.
  • August 15 – A massive Fatimid army defeats Alptakin and the Qarmatians in southern Palestine.
  • 978–979 winter – The Jewish Fatimid general tries to negotiate with the leader of the Hamdanids, but their leader Abu Taghlib refuses because Fadl is a Jew. He later agrees to negotiations with Fadl who offers him Ramla in exchange for ousting the Jarrahids.
  • 979 August – Abu Taghlib launches a failed offensive on Ramla and is taken captive and executed.
  • 981:
  • June – Damascus is besieged by a Fatimid army.
  • July – The Bedouins, led by the Jarrahids, rebel against the Fatimids.
  • 983 July 5 – Damascus is conquered by a Fatimid army.
  • 984 – Orestes is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.
  • 991 February 24 – Ya'qub ibn Killis dies.
  • 996–998 – Revolt in Tyre. The rebels call for and receive support from the Byzantines. The Fatimids put the city under siege and it falls in May 998. The rebel leader is tortured and crucified.
  • 1006–1007 – Russian abbot Daniel makes pilgrimage to Palestine.
  • 1008 – Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah forbids Jerusalem Christians from performing the Palm Sunday procession.
  • 1009 October 18 – Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah orders the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
  • 1011–1013 February – Uprising of the Yemenite Djarrahid Bedouin tribe who seize Ramla and establish a mini-caliphate.
  • 1012 – Beginning of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah's oppressive decrees against Christians and Jews.
  • 1015 September 4 – Earthquake. The dome of the Dome of the Rock collapses.
  • 1021 February 13 – Caliph Al-Hakim is assassinated and succeeded by his son al-Zahir.
  • 1024 September – Bedouin rebellion erupts over tax-collecting privileges (iqta'a). The Bedouins attack and loot Ramla and Tiberias.
  • 1026–1027 – Richard of Verdun makes pilgrimage to Palestine.
  • 1027 – A treaty is signed between the Byzantine emperor and the Fatimid caliph. It permits the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and allows Christians who had converted to Islam under duress to return to their former faith. It also granted the emperor the right to designate the patriarch of Jerusalem. In return, the mosque of Constantinople would be reopened.
  • 1029 – Anushtakin defeats a Bedouin coalition that challenges Fatimid rule in Palestine and Syria.
  • 1032 – Renovations of the Dome of the Rock ordered by Caliph al-Zahir are finished.
  • 1033:
  • Jerusalem's city walls are rebuilt.
  • December 5 – 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake.
  • 1047 – Persian poet and traveler Nasir Khusraw visits Palestine.
  • 1063 – The Fatimids strengthen or rebuild the walls of Jerusalem.
  • 1064–1065 – The Great German Pilgrimage takes place.
  • 1068 – An earthquake destroys Ramla, killing an estimated 15,000.
  • 1071 – The Seljuk Turks invade large portions of West Asia, including Asia Minor and the Eastern Mediterranean; they capture Ramla and lay siege to Jerusalem.
  • 1073 – The Seljuks invade Palestine.
  • 1075:
  • The Seljuks capture Damascus.
  • A severe drought hits Palestine.
  • 1077 – The Seljuks capture Jaffa.
  • 1089 – The Fatimids conquer Tyre.
  • 1092–1095 – Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi stays in Jerusalem.
  • 1093 – Muslims in coastal communities bar Christians from entering Palestine.
  • 1095 November 27 – Pope Urban II launches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. Its principal objectives are Catholic reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, and the freeing of Eastern Christians from Islamic rule.
  • 1098:
  • July – The Fatimids lay siege to Jerusalem.
  • August 26 – The Fatimids recapture Jerusalem.

Crusader/Ayyubid period

The Crusader period, sometimes referred to as the medieval period, as it was the only time when the Western-type societal organisation was transplanted to the region, lasted from 1099 when the Crusaders captured Jerusalem, to 1291 when the Kingdom of Jerusalem's last major possession in the Holy Land, Acre, was overrun by the Mamluks. In part of that period, almost every part of the territory changed hands repeatedly between the Crusaders and the Ayyubids.

Mamluk period

The Mamluk period lasted from 1291 when the Mamluks capture Acre, to 1517 when the Ottomans conquered Palestine.

Ottoman period

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

OETA and Mandatory Palestine

Israel, Jordan-occupied West Bank, Egypt-occupied Gaza

  • 1948 May 14 – Israeli Declaration of Independence: Jewish leadership in the region of Palestine announces the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.
  • 1948 May 14–1949 January 7 – The 1948 Arab–Israeli War: a large-scale war between Israel and five Arab countries and the Palestinian-Arabs. The war results in an Israeli victory, with Israel annexing territory beyond the borders of the proposed Jewish state and into the borders of the proposed Arab state and West Jerusalem. Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt signed the 1949 Armistice Agreements with Israel. The Gaza Strip and the West Bank, were occupied by Egypt and Transjordan, respectively, until 1967. In 1951, the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine estimated that some 711,000 Palestinian refugees were displaced by the war.
  • 1948 October 1 – Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1948): The Palestinian National Council convened in Gaza City and declared an independent Palestinian state in all of the Palestine region with Jerusalem as its capital.
  • 1949:
  • February 24 – Israel and Egypt sign an armistice agreement.
  • March 23 – Israel and Lebanon sign an armistice agreement.
  • April 3 – Israel and Jordan sign an armistice agreement.
  • July 20 – Israel and Syria sign an armistice agreement.
  • 1950 Spring – Jordan annexes the West Bank.
  • 1956 October 29–November 5 – The Sinai Campaign. This war followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal. Initiated by United Kingdom and France, the war was conducted in cooperation with Israel, and aimed at occupying the Sinai Peninsula, with the Europeans regaining control over the Suez Canal. Although the Israeli occupation of the Sinai was successful, the US and USSR forced it to abandon this conquest. Israel, however, managed to re-open the Straits of Tiran and secure its southern border.
  • 1967 June 5–10 – The Six-Day War between Israel and all of its neighboring countries: Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon which were aided by other Arab countries. The war lasted for six days and concluded with Israel expanding its territory significantly — Gaza Strip and Sinai from Egypt, the West Bank and Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories

  • 1973 October 6–24 – The Yom Kippur War was fought. The war began with a surprise joint attack on two fronts by the armies of Syria (in the Golan Heights) and Egypt (in the Suez Canal), deliberately initiated during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. The Egyptian Army got back Sinai that was occupied by the Israeli armies for almost 7 years.
  • 1974 – The PLO is allowed to represent the Palestinian Arab refugees in the UN as their sole political representative organisation.
  • 1978 September 18 – Israel and Egypt sign a comprehensive peace agreement at Camp David which included a condition of Israel's withdrawal from the Rest of Sinai.
  • 1979 March 26 – The peace treaty with Egypt was signed by the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and U.S. president Jimmy Carter.
  • 1982 June–December – The First Lebanon War took place during which Israel invaded southern Lebanon due to the constant terror attacks on northern Israel by the Palestinian guerrilla organizations resident there. The war resulted in the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon, and created an Israeli Security Zone in southern Lebanon.
  • 1984 November 21–1985 January 5 – Operation Moses: IDF forces conduct a secret operation in which approximately 8,000 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel from Sudan.
  • 1987–1991 – The First Intifada: The first Palestinian uprising took place in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories.
  • 1988 November 15 – Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988) – The Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), in Algiers on 15 November 1988 unilaterally proclaimed the establishment of a new independent state called the "State of Palestine".
  • 1991 May 24–25 – Operation Solomon: IDF forces conduct a secret operation in which approximately 14,400 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel within 34 hours in 30 IAF and El Al aircraft.
  • 2002 June – As a result of the significant increase of suicide bombing attacks within Israeli population centers during the first years of the Second Intifada, Israel began the construction of the West Bank Fence along the Green Line border arguing that the barrier is necessary to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian militants. The significantly reduced number of incidents of suicide bombings from 2002 to 2005 has been partly attributed to the barrier. The barrier's construction, which has been highly controversial, became a major issue of contention between the two sides.
  • 2005 August 23 – Israel's unilateral disengagement plan: The evacuation of 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank is completed.
  • 2006 July 12–August 14 – The Second Lebanon War took place, which began as a military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the Hezbollah, and gradually grew to a wider conflict. 1,191 Lebanese were killed, 4,409 were injured.
  • 2008 December 27–2009 January 18 – Operation Cast Lead: IDF forces conducted a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip during which dozens of targets were attacked in the Gaza Strip in response to ongoing rocket fire on the western Negev. 1,291 Palestinians were killed.
  • 2012:
  • November 14–November 21 – Operation Pillar of Cloud: IDF forces launches a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip in response to Palestinian militants firing over a hundred rockets from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel beginning on 10 November, with the aims of restoring quiet to southern Israel and to strike at what it considers terror organizations. The operation officially began with the assassination of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas. 158 Palestinians were killed.
  • November 29 – United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19: Upgrading of Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations.
  • 2016 December 23 – United Nations Security Council resolution 2334: Condemning Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands.
  • 2017 December 6 – US president Donald Trump announced the United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
  • 2021 May 6–21 – Four Palestinian families face eviction in East Jerusalem and Israeli police storm peaceful worshippers at Al-Aqsa Mosque, leading to a crisis.
  • 2023 October 7 – Gaza war: Hamas launched a large-scale offensive against Israel, during which Hamas initially fired thousands of rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip, while at the same time over a thousand Palestinian militants broke through the border and entered Israel by foot and with motor vehicles, as they engaged in gun battles with the Israeli security forces, conducting massacres and shootings of Israeli civilians, took over Israeli towns and military bases, as well as kidnapped over 200 Israeli soldiers and civilians. As a result Israel's Security Cabinet formally declares war for the first time since the Yom Kippur War in 1973.

See also

References

Bibliography

Multiple/all periods
Bronze Age
Greco-Roman and Byzantine age
;Hellenistic period
;Roman period
;Byzantine period
;Byzantine-Islamic transition
Early Muslim period
Crusader period
Ottoman period

Further reading

External links