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Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in Transylvania, Romania.

Cluj-Napoca (, ; , ; Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and , Kloiznburg), commonly known as Cluj, is located in the Someșul Mic River valley, roughly equidistant from Bucharest (), Budapest () and Belgrade (). Throughout its long history, the area around Cluj-Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms, including the Roman Empire (as part of the Dacia province and later a sub-division of Dacia Porolissensis), Gepidia, Avaria, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Habsburg monarchy, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania. From 1790 to 1848 and 1861–1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

In modern times, the city holds the status of municipiu, is the seat of Cluj County in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous botanical garden. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of . The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area () exceeds 420,000 residents, making it one of the most populous cities in Romania.

2nd century

3rd century

  • c.200–230 – Marcus Veracilius Verus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 204 – Lucius Pomponius Liberalis becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 205 – Mevius Surus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 206 – Claudius Gallus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 208 – Gaius Julius Maximinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 211 – 4 February: Caracalla and his brother Geta reign together after their father's death.
  • c.211–217 – The road from Napoca to Porolissum is repaired.
  • 212 – Lucius Marius Perpetuus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 215 – Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 217 – Marcus Claudius Agrippa becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.217 – Ulpius Victor becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 222 – 11 March: Severus Alexander becomes Emperor.
  • c.222 – Iasdius Domitianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 235 – 20 March 235: Maximinus Thrax succeeds to the rule of Roman Empire, after Severus Alexander is assassinated.
  • c.235–238 – Quintus Julius Licinianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.235–238 – Marcus Cuspidius Flaminius Severus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • c.235–238 – Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 236–238 – Maximinus Thrax campaigns in Dacia against the Carpi.
  • c.238 – Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.
  • 242–247 – Carpi are attacking Dacia and Moesia Inferior.
  • 248–250 – Dacia is attacked by the Germanic tribes of the Goths, Taifals and Bastarns together with the Carpi.
  • 253
  • 22 October: Gallienus and Valerian start ruling jointly the Roman Empire.
  • Monetary circulation starts to decrease in Dacia and Pannonia.
  • 257 – Gallienus claims the title Dacicus Maximus after repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes.
  • 258 – Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.
  • 258–260 – A percentage of the cohorts from the V Macedonica and XIII Gemina legions are transferred from Dacia to Pannonia.
  • 260 – Monetary circulation and raising of inscribed monuments have a dramatic drop in Dacia.
  • c.260 – Repairs of the castra fortifications are conducted on the northern border of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 263 – Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.
  • 267 – Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.
  • 269 – Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.
  • 270 – September: Aurelian becomes Roman Emperor.
  • 271–275 – Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and establishes Dacia Aureliana with its capital at Serdica in Lower Moesia.
  • c.291
  • Goths, including Thervingi, begin to move into the former province of Dacia.
  • Victohali, a subdivision of Hasdingi (themselves southern Vandals), push from north and west into north west of Dacia.
  • Taifals join Thervingi to fight Victohali and Gepids over the possession of Samus valley.
  • Gepids mentioned for the first time.
  • 291–300 – Thervingi continue migrating into north-eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians.
  • c.295 – Goths defeat the Carpi, pushing them southward.

4th century

  • 295-320s – After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called Gothia), dividing some of the land with the Taifals, and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population.
  • c.300–350 – Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia.
  • c.350 – Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov culture/Goths enter intra-Carpathian Transylvania.
  • 376 – Huns arrive, attacking the Thervingi and leading to a collapse of the Gothic dominance in the area.

5th century

  • c.401–420 – Gepidic center on the plains north-west of the Meseş Mountains.
  • 420s – Huns impose their authority over the Gepids, but the latter remain united under the rule of their kings.
  • c.440 – Ardaric, favored by the Hunic king, becomes the leader of the Gepids.
  • c.435–453 – Huns fight the Alans, Vandals, and Quadi, forcing them toward the Roman Empire and making Pannonia their center.
  • 453 – Attila, King of the Huns dies and the Hunnic Empire starts to disintegrate.
  • c.454
  • Ardaric initiates an uprising of the Gepids against the Huns.
  • Gepids defeat the Huns in Pannonia, regain their independence and are able to start to expand eastwards, into Dacia.
  • c.475–500
  • Gepid power centers start to develop in Transylvania.
  • Major, wealthy Gepid center at Apahida, near Napoca, having connections with the Eastern Roman Empire.

6th century

  • c.501–568
  • More Gepid power centers appear in Transylvania.
  • New settlements appear along the Someş, Mureş, and Târnava rivers, reflecting a period of tranquillity in Gepidia.
  • A "circle" of Gepid settlements develops around Napoca.
  • Gepids start to adopt Arian Christianity through their connection with the Goths.
  • Farming is the primary activity, but looms, combs, and other items are produced in local workshops.
  • Gepidia is trading with faraway regions such as Crimea, Mazovia or Scandinavia.
  • 568 – The Avar invasion ends the independent Gepidia.
  • c.568 – Carpathian Basin is incorporated in the Avar Khaganate established by khagan Bayan I.
  • c.599–600 – Gepids under assimilation but settlements still exist within Avaria.

7th century

  • c.600–800 – Avars bring with them and allow Slavs to settle inside Transylvania.

8th century

  • c. 700–800 – Center and northern Transylvania under Moravian influence.
  • 791–795 – Plunder of the Avar state by the Franks of Charlemagne.
  • 794 – Avars, in small numbers, and mixed with Slavs, still inhabit parts of Transylvania.
  • 796 – Avar Khaganate suffers a crippling blow by the Franks.

9th century

  • c.796–803 – Bulgars under Khan Krum unite with Franks to crush the Avar Khaganate.
  • c.803
  • Transylvanian Avars are subjugated by the Bulgars under Khan Krum
  • Transylvania and eastern Pannonia are incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire.
  • Salt mines of Transylvania under Bulgar control.
  • c.850–900
  • In Gesta Hungarorum, Gelou mentioned is ruling in Transylvania as "a certain Vlach (quidam blacus)" and "prince of the Vlachs (ducem blacorum)", Historians debate whether Gelou was a historical person or an imaginary figure created by the unidentified author of the Gesta Hungarorum. According Romanian historians, this indicating that the Vlachs were considered the dominant Transylvanian population. Hungarian historians opponing to Romanian theories, write that Anonymus had no real knowledge of the Carpathian Basin (including Transylvania) at the time of the Hungarian conquest and invented all the opponents of the Hungarians because he needed characters to be defeated by the conquerors. British-Romanian historian Dennis Deletant states the analysis of the Gesta Hungarorum shows that is too naive to claim it is an immaculate source, just as it is foolhardy to totally discredit its reliability, and the conclusion, the cases for and against the existence of Gelou and the Vlachs simply cannot be proven. British historian Carlile Aylmer Macartney writes in his critical and analytical guide of Anonymus that all Romanian historians refer to Anonymus, but they are not credible in the subject and the chronicle is not evidence for presence of Vlachs in Transylvania.
  • Pechenegs are raiding the Duchy of Gelou.

10th century

  • c. 895–902 – Magyars (Hungarians) commence the conquest of the Carpathian Basin defeating and conquering the lands of Menumorut and later Gelou
  • c. 902–950 – Area falls under the rule of (Tétény) and his descendants (within newly formed Principality of Hungary)
  • c. 900–1000
  • A small settlement appears on the ruins of Roman Napoca covering less than 3rd of the ancient site, with Roman fortifications being used as a source of construction materials.
  • The settlement has four unequal sides (northern side 250 m, western side 223 m, southern side 300m, eastern side 197 m).
  • A cemetery is active 600–1300 m from Napoca.
  • 1000 – Area becomes part of the Kingdom of Hungary, as Stephen I of Hungary is crowned as the first king and adopts Christianity.

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century

16th century

17th century

  • 1615 – Witch-hunt starts.
  • 1629 – Witch-hunt ends.
  • 1695 – Hungarian Szakácskönyv (cookbook) published.
  • 1699 – City becomes part of the Habsburg monarchy per Treaty of Karlowitz.

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also

References

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Tertiary sources

External links