Te Teira Manuka ( 1812 â 16 September 1882), also known as Pokikake Te Teira, was a Taranaki MÃÂori nobleman. A rangatira of Te ÃÂti Awa, he was the leader of its Puke-Kowhatu hapà «. However, he is best remembered for his debated sale of the Waitara block to the Crown as negotiated by Governor Thomas Gore Browne, in violation of customary title and Te ÃÂti Awa tikanga. The controversial sale led to a crisis in the entire region, and subsequently caused the First Taranaki War.
Not a great deal is recorded of Te Teira Manuka's early life within PÃÂkehàhistoriography. He was the son of Tamati Tarepa, of the Puke-Kowhatu hapà « in Waitara. Te Teira Manuka was married to Neta Te Rangiwawai, and had a brother called Wetereri Te Manu-a-Tiki.
To deter claims he was not a legitimate rangatira to sell land of his own volition, Te Teira Manuka published his whakapapa in the New-Zealander on 5 May 1860. In the article, he attacked Wiremu Këngi Te RangitÃÂke, the paramount rangatira of Te ÃÂti Awa, and falsely claimed that Këngi had no ancestral right to the land. Instead Këngi claimed that the land was purely his by right of being a direct descendent of Kahuitu.
Te Teira Manuka was well-educated. According to his father, Tamati Tarepa, Te Teira Manuka could drive a carriage, he could plough, and had become learned in mathematics. He was also literate, as evident by his writing letters in MÃÂori to senior Crown figures.
Te Teira Manuka's involvement in the First Taranaki War was prefaced by his rocky relationship with the more senior rangatira Wiremu Këngi. Këngi had denied Te Teira Manuka the right to marry a close relative of his to a woman he had been promised, possibly because the marriage would have entitled Te Teira Manuka to greater land rights. According to Ann Parsonson, an indignant Te Teira Manuka sought to create difficulties for his people at large, feeling his family had been greatly wronged by Këngi.
Te Teira Manuka first became interested in selling land at Waitara in 1858, following the death of fellow rangatira Te Waitere KÃÂtÃÂtore. This had led to conflict between Wiremu Këngi and êhÃÂia Te Kirikà «mara, the leader of the à Âtaraua hapà «, who challenged Këngi for supremacy over Te ÃÂti Awa. IhÃÂia had tried three times in vain to sell land at Waitara to the Crown, in 1844, 1847, and 1850, but each time Wiremu Këngi had vetoed such proposals. Te Teira Manuka soon established himself at Otëhoi, a great pàat Waità Âtara.
In 1859, after politician Donald McLean announced on behalf of Governor Thomas Gore Browne that he would "would buy no manâÂÂs land without his consent", and would not buy "unless [a land owner] owned part of it", Te Teira Manuka eagerly offered to sell the Pekapeka block of modern-day Waitara. The small parcel of land sat on the south bank of the Waitara river, was in size, and was well-suited to English settler ambitions in the area. Hopes were raised that the sale would make a precedent for vast land purchases across northern Taranaki.
Te Teira had been interested in selling up his interests there before in accordance to English law rather than tikanga MÃÂori. He wrote to Browne and announced that he, êhÃÂia Te Kirikà «mara and his brother Tamati, wished to sell up in accordance to Crown custom. Immediately upon hearing this, an outraged Wiremu Këngi protested. As one person could not legally sell collectively owned land under tikanga MÃÂori, the senior Këngi wrote to the Governor to deter him. In his letter Këngi said âÂÂI will not permit the sale of Waitara to the Pakeha. Waitara is in my hands, I will not give it upâ¦. However, in correspondence with Robert Parris on 29 November 1859, Kingi claimed that Teira indeed held legal title to the land but would not let him sell it as he did not wish for the land to be disturbed.
The Governor chose to side with Te Teira and honour his proposal, and oppose Këngi's resistance of English Law's expansion. Browne travelled to Taranaki; McLean and Parris went to Waitara to negotiate with Te Teira Manuka, and arrived on 6 March 1860. Knowing what they were proposing was a breach of tikanga, McLean and Parris advised Te Teira Manuka that they would communicate with him surreptitiously. They would fire a gun in their lodgings in Waitara when the Governor arrived, which would be a symbol for Te Teira Manuka to meet with them. The men contacted also Wiremu Këngi, and tried in vain to get him to consent to a full sale of Waitara, but did not inform him of Te Teira Manuka's intentions.
Two days later, Te Teira Manuka met with Parris, McLean and Governor Browne at Parris' house, and reportedly told the latter: "listen, O Governor, Mr. Richmond, and Mr. M'Lean. There is no man, not even a minister, equal to Mr. Parris in courage in carrying words among the Maoris during war [in efforts to make peace]. Now, I say I give up Waitara to Mr. Parris, for him to give to you, O Governor, and to Mr. Richmond, and Mr. M'Leanâ he will give it to you all... I will give to you, O Governor, my peace of land at Waitara." When Browne asked if the land was genuinely his to sell, Te Teira Manuka claimed it was entirely so. The deal was finalised shortly then and there, and Te Teira Manuka gave Browne his kaitaka to cement the transaction.
The entire deal was soon announced, to the fury of most Te ÃÂti Awa. War broke out in March 1860. Eight months after the deal Te Teira was paid ã100 (approximately NZD$14,649.81 in 2024) for the Pekapeka block. Later reports suggest that he had been bribed a further ã150 in March 1862 to maintain his loyalty.
Te Teira Manuka had one son, Parris Taylor (1860 â January 1943), who was born just as the First Taranaki War was beginning. Taylor was named after Robert Parris, civil commissioner of the PÃÂkehàsettlement in Taranaki.
He died on 16 September 1882, in New Plymouth, in what was then Taranaki County, reportedly aged seventy.