Targitaos or Scythes, was the ancestral god of the Scythians according to Scythian mythology. The ancient Greeks identified him with their own hero HÃÂraklÃÂs.
The name is the Latinisation of the Greek name (), which is itself the Hellenised form of the Scythian language name , meaning "possessing the strength of the goddess TarkÃÂ."
The name was previously explained as being derived from , meaning âÂÂwhose might is far-reaching,â which was an untenable etymology because the Iranic sound /d/ had evolved into /ô/ in Proto-Scythian, and later evolved into /l/ in Scythian.
The name is the Latinisation of the Greek name (), which is itself the Hellenised form of the Scythian language name , which is the endonym of the Scythians.
Due to the sound change from /ô/ to /l/ which had already happened by the 5th century BC, the form was used by the Scythians by the time that Herodotus of Halicarnassus had recorded the Scythian genealogical myth, as attested by the name of the 5th century BC Scythian king Scyles (), which is the Hellenisation of the Scythian name .
This means that the Hellenised form had been borrowed at an earlier date, when the form was still used.
The Sindo-Maeotian form of TargëÃÂtavah was named Sanerges (; ). Reflecting the role of TargëÃÂtavah in the Scythian genealogical legend, Sanerges was considered the partner of the goddess AphroditàApatoura, who was a local iteration of the Snake-Legged Goddess. Like TargëÃÂtavah, Sanerges was also assimilated with HÃÂraklÃÂs.
The reference to "HÃÂraklÃÂs" stealing GÃÂryà Ân's cattle after defeating him in Herodotus of Halicarnassus's second version of the Scythian genealogical myth and of his victory against the river-god AraxÃÂs in the 's version were Hellenised versions of an original Scythian myth depicting the typical mythological theme of the fight of the mythical ancestor-hero, that is of TargëÃÂtavah, against the chthonic forces, through which he slays the incarnations of the primordial chaos to create the Cosmic order.
The reference to "HÃÂraklÃÂs" driving the cattle of GÃÂryà Ân also reflects the motif of the cattle-stealing god widely present among Indo-Iranic peoples, which is also reflected in the legend of MiÃÂra as a cattle-stealing god. Due to this, the Greek author Herodotus of Halicarnassus identified TargëÃÂtavah with HÃÂraklÃÂs in his writings.
TargëÃÂtavah-Skuôa was assimilated by the Greeks from the northern shores of the Black Sea with their hero HÃÂraklÃÂs, and the main feature of this deity identifying him with HÃÂraklÃÂs was the cattle he drives in the Scythian genealogical myth, although unlike the Greek HÃÂraklÃÂs who drove the cattle of GÃÂryà Ân on foot, the Scythian "HÃÂraklÃÂs" drove a chariot pulled by mares.
In Greek mythology, HÃÂraklÃÂs had killed the giant GÃÂryà Ân and seized his cows, after which he sailed from GÃÂryà Ân's home island of Erytheia to TartÃÂssos in Iberia, from where he passed by the city of AbdÃÂra and reached Liguria, and then going south to Italy and sailing to Sicily: on the way, he founded several cities and settlements which the Greeks supposedly later "regained." The population of new territories with characters from Greek mythology and history was thus done to justify their acquisition, and therefore the Greeks turned HÃÂraklÃÂs into a founder of various nations, dynasties, and cities throughout the Oikoumenàfrom Iberia to India, with these feats being described in several epic which were composed and enjoyed popularity within ancient Greek society.
The Hellenisation of the Scythian genealogical myth was, consequently, carried out probably by the Pontic Olbians to further their own interests among the Scythians. Therefore, the addition of HÃÂraklÃÂs in the Hellenised version of the genealogical myth ascribed to the Scythians a partial Greek ancestry.
The Hellenised myth of "HÃÂraklÃÂs" staying in Scythia might have been recorded in the , which mentions a bull-riding cattle-thief Titan, who might have been HÃÂraklÃÂs, and who created the Cimmerian Bosporus by cutting a passage from the Maeotian swamp.
TargëÃÂtavah might also have been a snake-god identified by the Greeks of Pontic Olbia with Achilles PontarkhÃÂs (), in which role he was associated with the Snake-Legged Goddess and was the father of her three sons. The cult of TargëÃÂtavah in this role might have been reinterpreted by the Greeks into a cult of Achilles.
Unlike the more widespread cult of HÃÂraklÃÂs, the cult of Achilles PontarkhÃÂs was limited to the region ranging from the island of Leuke in the west to the island of Borysthenes and the north-west coast of Black Sea to the north of Crimea in the east, and was largely connected to his role as the son of the marine goddess Thetis. This cult might have been connected to Borysthenis, that is the Earth-and-Water goddess Api who was TargëÃÂtavah's mother.
The cult of Achilles PontarkhÃÂs very popular in Pontic Olbia, with the large number of dedications to him by priests and archons having been offered at this city suggesting that he enjoyed state cult there.
The popularity of this identification is attested by the presence of scenes depicting the life of Achilles decorating four gorytoi found in the Chortomlyk, Melitopol, Ilintsy, and near Rostov. The Greeks' connection of Achilles with Scythia was so strong that Alcaeus of Mytilene called him the "Lord of Scythia," and the claimed that the tomb of Achilles was located in Scythia, while the Olbians considered Scythia to be the land of Achilles.
TargëÃÂtavah-Skuôa was born from the union of the Sky Father Papaios and the Earth-and-Water Mother Api, hence why Herodotus claimed that the Scythians described him as a son of Zeus and of a daughter of the Borysthenes river. TargëÃÂtavah-Skuôa was very closely associated with Papaios or confused with him in Scythian mythology, and he was sometimes replaced by Papaios in some versions of the Scythian genealogical myth, thus attributing the ancestry of the Scythians alternatively to TargëÃÂtavah-Skuôa or to Papaios directly.
According to the various versions of the Scythian genealogical myth, TargëÃÂtavah fathered the ancestors of the Scythians with the Snake-Legged Goddess.
A Greek language inscription from the later 6th century BC recorded the existence of a shrine at which were located altars to:
The inscription located this shrine in the wooded region of Hylaea, where, according to the Scythian genealogical myth, was located the residence of the Snake-Legged Goddess, and where she and TargëÃÂtavah became the ancestors of the Scythians; the deities to whom the altars of the shrine were dedicated to were all present in the Scythian genealogical myth. The altars at the shrine of Hylaea were located in open air, and were not placed within any larger structure or building.
The Olbiopolitan Greeks also worshipped Achilles in his form identified with TargëÃÂtavah at Hylaea.
TargëÃÂtavah might possibly have been one of the deities worshipped at the Scythian sacred site of Exampaeus.
A cult to TargëÃÂtavah might also have been practised on the middle Tyras river, where the various peoples of Scythia, such as the Scythians, the Getic tribes, and the Greek colonists, believed that TargëÃÂtavah-HÃÂraklÃÂs had left his footprint.
The Greek identification of TargëÃÂtavah with Achilles was connected to a myth already established in archaic times, according to which he was buried on the island of Leuke. The Greek poet Eumelus mentioned Borysthenis, that is the Earth-and-Water goddess Api who was TargëÃÂtavah's mother, in connection to this myth.
Due to the religious importance of the island of Leuke, spending the night there was forbidden.
Another cult site to TargëÃÂtavah-Achilles was located at the island of Borysthenes at the entrance of the river of the same name, which was once connected to the promontory of Tendra before flooding turned it into an island in the 5th century BC.
Sailors had to pass through this cult site at the island of Borysthenes to reach Cape Hippolaus, where was located a sacred grove to the Greek goddess Hecate, with whom the Greeks had assimilated the Scythian Snake-Legged Goddess.
TargëÃÂtavah is the same figure who appears in Scythian art as the masculine figure facing Artimpasa in her depictions as a seated goddess. These scenes depicted the marriage of TargëÃÂtavah with Artimpasa, but also represented the granting of a promise of afterlife and future resurrection to TargëÃÂtavah, and, by extension, collectively to his descendants, the Scythians.
TargëÃÂtavah's role in these scenes also consisted of representing a deified mortal who was identified with him, the Scythian king, who thus was given by identifying him with his divine ancestor. Thus, the scene of the masculine figure facing the seated Artimpasa represented both the goddess's granting of royal power to the king, but also, through the identification with TargëÃÂtavah, the father of the first Scythian king, the giving of supreme legitimacy to the authority of the royal descendants of Artimpasa in her role as the divine spouse of the Scythian kings.
A representation of TargëÃÂtavah as investing a king is a scene from a silver discovered in the , depicting two bearded adult mounted horsemen. One of the horsemen holds a in his right hand and a sceptre in his left hand, while the other horseman has the right hand raised in a gesture of salutation. This scene represented the investiture of a king by a god, and has its parallels in the Iranian world in the Sasanid reliefs of Naqà ¡-e Rostam and Bishapur depicting the investitures of Ardaà ¡Ã«r I and of Bahram I by Ahura MazdÃÂ. Although the identity of the figure holding the has been suggested to be Papaios, it most likely represented TargëÃÂtavah. In the scene on the , TargëÃÂtavah, in his role as the first king and divine ancestor of the Scythians acts as a custodian of the power and the victories of his descendants, and the he holds represents a communion between the king and the god, paralleling the communion with Artimpasa in the scenes with the seated goddess. The topmost and bottommost parts of the are decorated with floral patterns, representing the connection between TargëÃÂtavah and Artimpasa.