SmÃÂrthavichÃÂram (meaning 'inquiry into the conduct'), was the trial of a Nambudiri woman and fellow male adulterers who were accused of illegitimate sexual relations.
There are six stages to a Smarthavicharam
The first stage of this trial procedure is interrogating the 'dÃÂsi', the maid, of the accused female member. If a Nambudiri housewife (antharjanam) was suspected of sexual misconduct then she was at first placed under restraint, and as a first step, her dÃÂsi or. vá¹Âá¹£ali, was questioned. If the dÃÂsi should incriminate her mistress the latter is forthwith segregated and a watch set upon her.
If there is substantial evidence (sangayum thurumbum) on the antharjanam's sexual misdeeds, she is isolated to a special cell. After the woman is isolated, the family-head informs the king about the case. The king then sends four lawyers together with a smÃÂrthan (judge) and a Brahmin for conducting the trial.
The third stage involves questioning the antharjanam by the smÃÂrthan. During questioning the smÃÂrthan sits outside the cell without seeing the accused. This can take up hours or even days depending on the severity of the case and until the woman accepts all allegations and becomes a sÃÂthanam (an inanimate object).
During this period the antharjanam may subject to physical torture if necessary to make her confess. A popular method was to pack the woman in a mat, like a dead body, and roll it from the housetop. At other times, rats, snakes and other poisonous creatures were driven into the cell of the accused.
Once she has accepted all her misdeeds, the smÃÂrthan questions the sÃÂthanam face to face to get the names of the jÃÂrans (the men involved). She also has to substantiate her accusations by proofs, normally some marks on the private parts of the men, which the smÃÂrthan later verifies. The trial would continue until the smÃÂrthan is convinced that there are no more jÃÂrans.
After this, the king would be informed about the men involved. If the accused deny these allegations, they were subject to sathya-parëkṣa (test of truth) at Sucëndram temple.
In this stage, the saathanam and the guilty men are ceremoniously ostracized and excommunicated.
The trial team shares a meal after this. If the accused are found to be innocent, they also take part in it.
If the accused women was found guilty, she and the men found involved with her (known as jÃÂran) were excommunicated from the caste (Bhraá¹£á¹Âû) and banished. The trial was mainly conducted by the smÃÂrthans from three Bhattathiri families. They are Pattachomayarath Mana, Vellaykat Mana and Moothamana. Moothamana Bhattathiris did the smarthavicharams in Travancore, Vellaykat Mana Bhattathiris did the smarthavicharams in Malabar and Pattachomayarath Mana Bhattathiris had the right to conduct smarthavicharams in the whole of Kerala. The permission of the MahÃÂrÃÂja (king) was necessary to start a smÃÂrthavichÃÂram. The practice is nonexistent today and last reportedly took place in 1918.
The most sensational Smarthavicharam was the one in 1905 that involved Kuriyedath ThÃÂthri, the wife of Chemmanthatta Kuriyedathu RÃÂman Nambà «diri of Mukundapuram Taluk. Thathri had been married off at an early age to the sixty-year-old RÃÂman Namboodiri. The trial lasted for six months. The trial was conducted by the bhattathiris from pattachomayarath mana. The verdict was pronounced on the night of 13 July 1905, indicting ThÃÂthri and the other accused men. Some sources say that there were 65 accused men (jÃÂran) and she was asked to name them and substantiate it by narrating their body marks. The accused were men of high caste, influential and reputed in the society. ThÃÂtri's accused paramours included 30 Nambà «thiris, 10 Iyers, 13 AmbalavÃÂsis and 11 Nairs..From the accounts of people who recount the tale, the Raja of Cochin stopped the trial since his name was next on her list. The documents related to the trial have been compiled by Cherai Ramadas in a book titled Thaathreesmarthavicharam: Sampoornna Reghakalum Padanangalum (Thaathreesmarthavicharam, Complete Documents and Studies).
The Malayalam feature film Parinayam and the Malayalam short film 'ThÃÂrattu Pattu' are based on this custom.
The Sanskrit film Taya by G.Prabha depicts this famous trial and the events that lead to it.