Sà Âawomir Tangolo Mroà ¼ek (; 29 June 1930 â 15 August 2013) was a Polish playwright.
Mroà ¼ek joined the Polish United Workers' Party during the reign of Stalinism in the People's Republic of Poland, and made a living as a political journalist. He began writing plays in the late 1950s. His theatrical works belong to the genre of absurdist fiction, intended to shock the audience with non-realistic elements, political and historic references, distortion, and parody.
In 1963 he emigrated to Italy and France, then further to Mexico. In 1996 he returned to Poland and settled in Kraków. In 2008 he moved back to France. He died in Nice at the age of 83.
Mroà ¼ek's family lived in Kraków during World War II. He finished high school in 1949 and in 1950 debuted as a political hack-writer on Przekrój. In 1952 he moved into the government-run Writer's House (ZLP headquarters with the restricted canteen). In 1953, during the Stalinist terror in postwar Poland, Mroà ¼ek was one of several signatories of an open letter from ZLP to Polish authorities supporting the persecution of Polish religious leaders imprisoned by the Ministry of Public Security. He participated in the defamation of Catholic priests from Kraków, three of whom were condemned to death by the Communist government in February 1953 after being groundlessly accused of treason (see the Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia). Their death sentences were not enforced, although Father Józef Fudali died in unexplained circumstances while in prison. Mroà ¼ek wrote a full-page article for the leading newspaper in support of the verdict, entitled "Zbrodnia gà Âówna i inne" (The Capital Crime and Others), comparing death-row priests to degenerate SS-men and Ku-Klux-Klan killers. He married Maria Obremba living in Katowice and relocated to Warsaw in 1959. In 1963 Mroà ¼ek travelled to Italy with his wife and decided to defect together. After five years in Italy, he moved to France and in 1978 received French citizenship.
After his defection, Mroà ¼ek turned critical of the Polish communist regime. Later, from the safety of his residence in France, he also protested publicly against the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Long after the collapse of the Soviet empire, he commented thus on his fascination with Communism:
His first wife, Maria Obremba, died in 1969. In 1987 he married Susana Osorio-Mrozek, a Mexican woman. In 1996, he relocated back to Poland and settled in Kraków. He had a stroke in 2002, resulting in aphasia, which took several years to cure. He left Poland again in 2008, and moved to Nice in southern France. Sà Âawomir Mroà ¼ek died in Nice on 15 August 2013. Not a religious person by any means, on 17 September 2013 he was buried at the St. Peter and Paul Church in Kraków. The funeral mass was conducted by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Stanisà Âaw Dziwisz.
Mroà ¼ek's first play, The Police, was published in 1958. His first full-length play, Tango (1965) written about totalitarianism in the style of Theatre of the Absurd, made him, according to Krystyna Dàbrowska, one of the most recognizable Polish contemporary dramatists in the world. It became also Mroà ¼ek's most successful play, according to Britannica, produced in many Western countries. In 1975 his second popular play Emigranci (The ÃÂmigrés), a bitter and ironic portrait of two Polish emigrants in Paris, was produced by director Andrzej Wajda at the Teatr Stary in Kraków.
Mroà ¼ek traveled to France, England, Italy, Yugoslavia and other European countries. After the military crackdown of 1981 Mroà ¼ek wrote the only play he ever regretted writing, called Alfa, about the imprisoned Solidarity leader Lech Waà ÂÃÂsa who became President of Poland after the collapse of the Soviet empire. See also "faà Âszywka". After the introduction of martial law in Poland, productions of Alfa were banned, along with two of Mroà ¼ek's other plays, The Ambassador and Vatzlav. The later play, in Gdaà Âsk, in the city known as the birth and home to Solidarity (Polish trade union) and its leader Lech Waà ÂÃÂsa, Theater Wybrzeze courageously premiered "Vatzlav". These were the times that the country had food shortages, curfews and a police hour. Many actors were interned including actor Jerzy Kiszkis who played the title role of "Vatzlav". A Gdaà Âsk born actress, activist and Solidarity Solidarnoà Âà(Solidarity)supporter Beata Pozniak, was asked to play Justine, a character that symbolized justice. Censorship in theaters were enforced. It was noted that in this 1982 Gdaà Âsk production, the censor stopped Mrozek's play not allowing many gestures made by actors on stage, including Justine's father wearing a beard, because he reminded her too much of Karl Marx.
List of plays by Mroà ¼ek (below) is based on Maà Âgorzata Sugiera's "Dramaturgia Sà Âawomira Mroà ¼ka" (Dramatic works of Sà Âawomir Mroà ¼ek):