Shuten-dà Âji (, also sometimes called , or ) is a mythical oni or demon leader of Japan, who according to legend was killed by the hero Minamoto no Raikà Â. Although decapitated, the demon's detached head still took a bite at the hero, who avoided death by wearing multiple helmets stacked on his head.
Shuten-dà Âji had his lair at Mount à Âe () northwest of the city of Kyoto, or Mount Ibuki, depending on the version. It has also been theorized that the original mountain was Mount à Âe () on the western edge of the city of Kyoto.
The oldest surviving text of the legend is recorded in the 14th century à Âeyama Ekotoba (大æ±Â山絵詠"Tale of Mount à Âe in Pictures and Words"), a picture scroll held by the Itsuà  Art Museum. It was later incorporated into the corpus of Otogi-zà Âshi ("Companion tales"), and became widely read in the woodblock-printed versions of them called the Otogi Bunko (Companion Library), especially Shibukawa Seiemon editions (ca. 1720). There is also a set of texts which localizes the Shuten-dà Âji's fortress at Mt. Ibuki. The Mt. Ibuki group texts reveal the villain's honji (avatar identity) as "the demon king of the Sixth Heaven" (), whereas the Mt. à Âe-localized group texts generally do not, with the exception of à Âeyama Ekotoba which is oldest.
There are two different mountains named Mt. à Âe in Tanba Province. The Otogi Zà Âshi text of the later period is clearly referring to () northwest of the Kyoto capital, since it specifically mentions Senjà Âdake which is part of this mountain chain.
But recent scholarship assigns the original mountain to have been the Mt. Ã Âe () further south (on the western edge of Kyoto city and extending to Kameoka, Kyoto). This other Mt. Ã Âe also has a piece of acclivity named Oi-no-Saka (, "Slope of Aging").
There are in fact some comparatively recent versions that actually place the demon lair at the southerly Mt. à Âe, or portray the Senjà Âdake as the main and Oi-no-Saka as the secondary fortification for the demons, according to religious scholar and folklorist .
The oldest text (à Âeyama Ekotoba or à Âeyama Emaki) version the legend can be summarized as follows:
During the reign of Emperor Ichijà  (r. 986âÂÂ1011), a large number of missing people were being reported in the capital city of Kyoto, most of the victims being young women. Abe no Seimei, the famous onmyà Âdà  diviner of the imperial court, determines that the oni-king of Mt. à Âe (later identified as Shuten-dà Âji) was responsible for the abductions. The Emperor then commanded Minamoto no Raikà  (Minamoto no Yorimitsu) and Fujiwara no Hà Âshà  () to exterminate this demon. Raikà  had his four lieutenants called the shitennà  while Hà Âshà  had only the junior secretary (shà Âgen) of Dazaifu to assist them. The party left Kyoto in the year 995.
The party encountered a group of four men who turned out to be transformations of four deities. At their recommendation, Raikà  and his retinue disguised themselves as yamabushi priests. When they traveled through a cave-tunnel, they came to a river and found an old kidnapped woman doing the laundry. The old woman explained that the kidnapped young maidens were being forced to act as maidservants, but the ogres wantonly slaughtered the girls, ate their flesh and drank their blood.
The warriors, pretending to be priests, convinced the ogre-king to give them lodging. The ogre-king treated his guests with sake and began to tell the tale about himself, how he was called Shuten-dà Âji, the "sake-drinking lad" by his underlings for his love of drinking sake, and how the ogres had been displaced from their ancestral Hira Mountains when Enryaku-ji temple was built nearby. and have been at Mt. à Âe since the year 849.
Raikà  then offered Shuten-dà Âji the sake given to him by one of the deities, which rendered him incapacitated. The warriors dressed up in armor and weapons which they concealed in their priestly back-pack chests called oi (ç¬Â). Then they stormed Shuten-dà Âji's sleeping quarters, and while the four deities held down the ogre's limbs, Raikà  cut off Shuten-dà Âji's head with a stroke of his sword, Dà Âjigiri. The severed head was still alive and snapped its jaws, aiming at Raikà Â's head, but the warrior defended himself by wearing two of his men's helmets in addition to his own. The group returned triumphant to Kyoto with the head, which was laid to rest in the (Treasure House of Uji) at Byà Âdà Â-in temple.
According to the à Âeyama Ekotoba version, Shuten-dà Âji returned to his true form when he slept. He was 50 feet in height, had a red body and a five-horned head, with fifteen eyes; one leg was white and the other black, while his arms were yellow and blue.
The version of the legend found in Shibukawa's Otogi Bunko has been printed in English translation by Haruo Shirane and Noriko T. Reider. Some of the textual similarities and differences are noted below.
This version is vague about the time frame but in the capital city of Kyoto people are being abducted. A certain middle counselor seeks his daughter's whereabouts and summons a diviner named Muraoka no Masatoki (rather than Seimei, as in the older text). Masatoki names the demons of Mt. Ã Âe of Tanba Province as the culprits.
The Mikado commands the formation of a punitive squad, consisting of the standard six warriors, Minamoto no Raikà  and his "four guardian kings" (shitennà Â) including Watanabe no Tsuna and Hà Âshà Â.
Because demons are shape-shifters and formidable enemies, the group decides to pay homage to three shrines: Yawata Shrine (Iwashimizu Hachimangà «), Sumiyoshi Shrine, and Kumano Shrine.
Later, the group meet the gods of the three shrines disguised as old men. The gods give Raikà  the "sake [which is] divine elixir, poisonous to demons" (, jinben kidoku shu) which will rob the ogres of their ability to fly and stupefy them.
Even though Raikà  is already carrying his own vermilion helm in his back-pack chest (cf. çNamed swords and arms), he receives from the gods another helmet (of a type, translated as a "hobnailed helmet") which he is instructed to wear when he decapitates the enemy.
Just before reaching the lair, Raikà Â's group encounters the hostage working as laundress, who becomes their informant. Here, she is not an old woman as in the old text, but a 17 or 18-year-old daughter of a courtier. She reveals that the lair which is called Iron Palace (Kurogane no gosho, ) lies inside the Demon's Cavern (Oni no iwaya ), and forewarns the group about the four ogres who are Shutendà Âji's lieutenants.(cf. çSubordinates).
As in the oldest text, Raikà Â's party pretending to be yamabushi ascetics gains entry at Shuten-dà Âji's dwelling-place. Raikà  disarms the ogre's suspicion by explaining that they, as yamabushi, follow the ways of En no Gyà Âja, whom he says was compassionate and hospitable towards demons. The warriors drink up the blood sake and heartily eat the human flesh in order to gain further confidence. At the height of the drunken revelry, Raikà  offers Shuten-dà Âji the divine sake poisonous to demons. Shuten-dà Âji begins to tell his life story (he is originally from Echigo Province according to this text), and also recounts how his henchman Ibaraki-dà Âji lost an arm in an encounter with Tsuna, one of Raikà Â's men.
As in the older text, the warriors equip their hidden armor and swords and raid Shuten-dà Âji in his sleeping chamber. The three gods have arrived to help and chain the ogre's limbs to the pillars. As Raikà  positions himself with his sword Chisui (or "Bloodsucker") in hand, the ogre faults the warrior for his sneaky underhanded tactics, exclaiming: "How sad, you priests! You said you do not lie. There is nothing false in the words of demons".
The warriors attack with their swords and sever Shuten-dà Âji's head, but as in the older text, the detached head attempts to get a bite at Raikà Â, and the hero is protected by two helmets stacked on his head: his Lion King helmet on top the hobnailed helmet (') given him by the gods. Subsequently, Ibaraki-dà Âji and Watanabe no Tsuna engage in a prolonged fight and while they grappled, Raikà  decapitated Ibaraki-dà Âji. The female prisoners are liberated and the warriors return triumphant.
In this version, Ibaraki-dà Âji, who is famous in his own right, plays the role of one of Shuten-dà Âji's henchmen. There are also four other underlings dubbed Shuten-dà Âji's "Four Divine Kings": Hoshikuma-dà Âji, Kuma-dà Âji, Torakuma-dà Âji, and Kane-dà Âji.
Shuten-dà Âji, after telling the story of his own life, recounts the famous episode where Ibaraki-dà Âji goes to the capital city and has his arm severed by Watanabe no Tsuna (one of Raikà Â's men). Later on, Raikà  decapitated Ibaraki-dà Âji who was wrestling with Tsuna.
Shuten-dà Âji's "Four Divine Kings" (shitennà Â) are described by the laundress-girl, so Raikà Â's group is aware of their existence in advance. Their names, together with their meanings were: Hoshikuma-dà Âji (Star-Bear Demon), Kuma-dà Âji (Bear Demon), Torakuma-dà Âji (Tiger-Bear Demon), and Kane-dà Âji (Iron Demon).
Warriors would conceal their armor and swords, many of which have been given proper names, in their oi (portable chests; "panniers" according to Reider).
Raikà Â's chest contained the sword Chisui (ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂ, assumed to be "", thus "Bloodsucker"), vermilion armor (hiodoshi) called randen gusari (ãÂÂãÂÂã§ãÂÂéÂÂ, Randen Chain), and a vermilion helmet called Shishià  ("Lion King" or "Lion Lord".) Hà Âshà Â's contained a two-foot halberd (ko-naginata) called Iwakiri (Cutting Rock or Stonecutter). Tsuna had a sword named (Cutting Demon or Demon Slasher) and yellow-green set of armor and helmet.
A real existing tachi (Japanese long sword) named Dà Âjigiri, which is one of the Five Best Swords under Heaven and designated national treasure of Japan, is associated with the tradition of being the sword that killed Shuten-dà Âji. Tada Shrine also has a tachi, Onikirimaru, which has a legend that it defeated Shuten-dà Âji. Kitano Tenmangà « Shrine owns tachi that has been handed down as Onikiri (also known as Higekiri) described in this tradition.
In the Otogi Bunko text discussed here however, since many swords attack Shuten-dà Âji and sever his head, it is not clear who or which sword is to be credited with the decapitation.
It has been said that Shuten-dà Âji was the strongest oni of Japan. Academic folklorist has counted Shuten-dà Âji among the three most feared yà Âkai in medieval Kyoto, alongside the vixen Tamamo-no-Mae and the demon à Âtakemaru. Cultural anthropologist and folklorist Kazuhiko Komatsu has noted that if people in the Middle Ages, particularly those in the capital, were asked to name the most fearsome yà Âkai, they would likely mention three: Shuten-dà Âji, Tamamo-no-mae, and à Âtakemaru.
Komatsu suggests that these yà Âkai were considered exceptional because they received special treatment after their defeat. He explains that their remains, or parts of them, were kept as "treasures" by the ruling class in Kyoto, centered around the Emperor. These remains were stored in the treasure house of Byodo-in Temple in Uji, built by Fujiwara no Yorimichi, symbolizing the rulers' power.
The preservation of the demon's head and the fox's remains in the treasure house can be seen as a victory trophy, similar to the way fish prints or taxidermy animals are kept. It is believed that among the many demons defeated in the Middle Ages, the most formidable ones were deemed worthy of being stored in the Uji treasure house, representing military might, intelligence, and divine protection that surpassed even the spiritual strength of these powerful yà Âkai.
Historian Masaaki Takahashi interprets the cave within Mt. Oe, where Shuten-doji resides, as a boundary between the living and the dead, suggesting his palace is situated in a mystical realm or the underworld. He likens it to the Dragon Palace. Takahashi also associates the legend with the smallpox epidemic of 994 and finds parallels with other tales, such as the story of Chiyou from Records of the Grand Historian and the Ming dynasty's The Record of Chen Xunquan's Loss of His Wife.
There is a depiction of Shuten-doji drinking human blood like sake, which Takahashi believes could stem from the story of a German named Stein Dotsch, shipwrecked in Tango. The red wine Dotsch drank might have been mistaken for "living blood." This idea likely originated from the short story Shuten-doji, published in Weekly Asahi in 1952, where the Westerner, shipwrecked on Tango's shores, drank wine that resembled blood.
In earlier versions of the Shuten-doji legend, Minamoto no Yorimitsu, who defeated the demon, and Fujiwara no Yasumasa were portrayed as equals. According to the Mido Kanpakuki, on March 8, 1017 (April 7, 1017), Yorimitsu's younger brother, Yorichika, killed Yasumasa's retainer, KIYOHARA no Munenobu (Sei ShonagonâÂÂs older brother). In the Kojidan (vol. 2-57), a story based on this event, Munenobu is killed by one of Yorimitsu's Four Heavenly Kings, suggesting a rivalry between Yorimitsu and Yasumasa.
Additionally, texts like Hogen Monogatari, Umematsuron (vol. 2), and Isei Teikin Orai also list "Tamura (Sakanoue no Tamuramaro), Toshihito (Fujiwara no Toshihito), Yorimitsu, and Yasumasa" as a group of famous generals from ancient times. This connection is echoed in Kanze NobumitsuâÂÂs play Rashomon, where Yasumasa and Watanabe no Tsuna are depicted arguing.
However, from the mid-Muromachi to the Sengoku periods, Raiko and his Four Heavenly Kings replaced Yasumasa as the main figures in the slaying of Shuten-doji, with Yasumasa being relegated to a supporting role. In the Otogi-zoshi version of Shuten-doji, Yasumasa is depicted as one of RaikoâÂÂs retainers alongside the Four Heavenly Kings, a portrayal that became widely accepted in later generations. Some stories, like the legend of the "Hà Âshà  Sword" of the Chiba clan (from the Nanboku-chà  period), even credit Yasumasa alone with the defeat of Shuten-doji.
Shuten-dà Âji, according to one legend, was born at Ganbara, Echigo. However, there is also the idea that from the base of Mount Ibuki, where in literature like the Nihon Shoki, in the legend of the defeat of the giant snake Yamata no Orochi to Susanoo in a battle, it fled from Izumo to à Âmi, had a child with a wealthy person's daughter, with that child was Shuten-doji. Both father and son had a matchless thirst for sake, which is often cited as support.
According to the Otogi Bunko version as previously described, Shuten-dà Âji originally came from Echigo Province (now Niigata Prefecture) and, had lived since the Heian period (8th century) when Dengyà  Daishi and Kà Âbà Â-Daishi were active. Local legends elaborate that he was a page of the Kokojou-ji (å½ä¸Â寺) (in Tsubame, Niigata) (at the base of , there is a Chigo-dà  where he is said to have passed through).
One story is that he was the son of a blacksmith in Echigo, that he was in his mother's womb for 16 months, and that he had teeth and hair when he was born, was immediately able to walk, was able to talk on the level of a 5âÂÂ6 year old, had the wisdom and physical strength of a 16-year-old, and had a rough temperament, and due to this unusually ready wit, was shunned as an "oni child". According to Zentaiheiki, afterwards, when he was 6 years of age, he was abandoned by his mother, wandered from place to place, and then walked the path towards being an oni. There is also a legend that since he was scorned as an oni child, he was put into custody of a temple, but the chief priest of that temple was a user of unorthodox practices, and the child became an oni through learning those unorthodox practices, that he exhausted the limits of evil.
In the town of (presently, Niigata, Niigata), it is said that when a pregnant woman eats a fish called "tochi", that child will become a robber if it is a boy, and a prostitute if it is a girl. It is also said that a woman who ate the fish, gave birth to a child after it stayed 16 months in her womb, and that child was Shuten-doji. In , there are place names like the DÃ Âji estate and the DÃ Âji field.
Some versions of the legend localize Mount Ibuki in à Âmi Province (now Shiga Prefecture).
He, who was born from the large snake Yamata no Orochi (in its avatar as the myà Âjin of Mount Ibuki) and a human girl, was a page at Mount Hiei from an early age, and underwent training, but he drank sake which was forbidden by Buddhism, and in fact was a big drinker, and was therefore hated by everyone. One day, after a religious festival where he dressed in an oni costume, he was about to take off the costume, but he was not able to since it was stuck to his face, and reluctantly went into some mountain recesses where he started his life as an oni. He then met Ibaraki-dà Âji, and together aimed for Kyoto.
He was a page for the in the Yamato Province (now Nara Prefecture), but found a corpse at a nearby mountain, and due to curiosity, brought that meat back to the temple, and made his priest teacher eat it without telling him that it was human meat. Afterwards, the page frequently brought back meat, not only from the flesh of corpses, but also by murdering live humans and returning with their flesh. The priest, who thought that it was suspicious, followed after the page, discovered the truth, harshly criticized the page, and abandoned him in a mountain. The page later became Shuten-dà Âji, and it has been said that the place where he was abandoned was thus called chigo-saka (page-hill).
According to another theory, he was a child of the chief priest of Byakugà Â-ji, but as he matured, he grew fangs and a horn, and later became a child as rough as a beast. The priest was embarrassed by this child, so the child was abandoned, but the child later came to Mount à Âoe, and became Shuten-dà Âji.
From the Heian period to the Kamakura period, he was an oni who lawlessly ran amok in the capital, and he was based in Mount in the Tanba Province, or the à Âe in Nishikyà Â-ku, Kyoto, also known as Oi no Saka (èÂÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂ) (within the Rakusai district of Kyoto) as well as the neighboring Shinochà Âà Âji, Kameoka. For the legend of the Mount à Âe in Tanba Province, there is a theory that it was a misrepresentation of the bandits within à Âe who harassed passing travelers.
According to local legend, Yorimitsu and the others returned with the head back to the capital, but at Oi-no-Saka (èÂÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂ, "Slope of Aging") by the Mount à Âe on the south edge of Kyoto city, they were warned by a roadsize image of Jizà Â, "don't bring something unclean into the capital", and as the head was not able to move anymore, they all buried the head right there. Another theory is that when Dà Âji was dying, regretting his crimes until then, desired to help various people who had illnesses in their head, that he was deified as a great wisdom god (daimyà Âjin). As this is the Kubitsuka Daimyà Âjin of the Oi no Saka slope, according to legends, it would perform miracles for illnesses in the head.
It has also been said that he was buried in Mount à Âe in Fukuchiyama, Kyoto, which is the origin of the Onidake-inari-san jinja (鬼岳稲è·山ç¥Â社).
Nariaiji temple in Kyoto Prefecture preserves the sake bottle and sake cup allegedly used to pour the Shinbenkidokushu (the sake that "poisoned" Shuten-dà Âji).
Shuten-dà Âji rampaged together in Kyoto along with Ibaraki-dà Âji, but there are actually several theories about their relation. One of those theories is that Ibaraki-dà Âji was not a male oni, but a female oni, and that Ibaraki-dà Âji was a lover of his son, or Shuten-dà Âji himself. Therefore, it has been said that Shuten-dà Âji and Ibaraki-dà Âji knew of each other's existence, and aimed for the capital together.