Sergei (Sergey) Karaulov (; born 15 April 1982) is an Uzbekistani-Russian former professional basketball player who last played for Uralmash Ekaterinburg of the Superleague 1.
Start playing in 2001, Karaulov mainly played in Russian Basketball Leagues. Some of the clubs that Karaulov has played with during his pro career include: Krasnye Krylia, Triumph Lybuertsy, Lokomotiv Rostov, Spartak Primorye, Nizhny Novgorod, Khimki and Temp-SUMZ-UGMK Revda.
Karaulov was drafted by the San Antonio Spurs, in the second round of the 2004 NBA draft, with the 58th overall pick of the draft.
Having dual nationality, Karaulov can represent either Uzbekistan or Russia in international national team competitions. He played for Uzbekistan at the 2001 ABC Championship, and for Russia at the 2007 Summer Universiade.