Semigallians (; ; also Zemgalians, Semigalls or Semigalians) were the Baltic tribe that lived in the south central part of contemporary Latvia and northern Lithuania. They are noted for their long resistance (1219âÂÂ1290) against the German crusaders and Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades. Semigallians had close linguistic and cultural ties with Samogitians.
The name of Semigallia appears in contemporary records as Seimgala, Zimgola and Sem[e]gallen. The -gal[l] element means "border", while the first syllable corresponds to ziem ("north") or zem ("low"). So the Semigallians were the "people of the northern borderlands" or "people of the low borderlands", i.e. the lower parts of the Mà «à ¡a and Lielupe river valleys.
During the Viking Age, the Semigallians were involved in battles with Swedish Vikings over control of the lower part of the Daugava waterway. In Gesta Danorum the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus wrote that the Viking Starkad crushed the Curonians, all the tribes of Estonia, and the peoples of Semgala. When the Rurikid successors of the Varangians tried to subjugate the Semigallians, the latter defeated the invading army of Polotsk led by Prince Rogvolod Vseslavich in 1106. Russian chronicles claim that 9,000 Russian soldiers were killed.
At the start of German conquests Semigallian lands were divided in Upmale, Dobele, SpÃÂrnene, Dobe, Rakte, Silene and TÃÂrvete chieftaincies.
According to the Livonian Chronicle of Henry, Semigallians formed an alliance with bishop Albert of Riga against rebellious Livonians before 1203, and received military support to hold back Lithuanian attacks in 1205. In 1207, the Semigallian duke Viestards () helped the christened Livonian chief Caupo conquer back his Turaida castle from pagan rebels.
In 1219, the Semigallian-German alliance was canceled after a crusader invasion in Semigallia. Duke Viestards promptly formed an alliance with Lithuanians and Curonians. In 1228, Semigallians and Curonians attacked the Daugavgrëva monastery, the main crusader stronghold at the Daugava river delta. The crusaders took revenge and invaded Semigallia. The Semigallians, in turn, pillaged land around the Aizkraukle hillfort. In 1236, Semigallians attacked crusaders retreating to Riga after the Battle of Saule, killing many of them. After regular attacks, the Livonian Order partly subdued the Semigallians in 1254.
In 1270, the Lithuanian Grand Duke Traidenis, together with Semigallians, attacked Livonia and Saaremaa. During the Battle of Karuse on the frozen gulf of Riga, the Livonian Order was defeated, and its master Otto von Lutterberg killed. In 1287, around 1400 Semigallians attacked a crusader stronghold in Ikà ¡Ã·ile and plundered nearby lands. As they returned to Semigallia they were caught by the Order's forces, and the great battle began near the Garoza river (Battle of Garoza). The crusader forces were besieged and badly defeated. More than 40 knights were killed, including the master of the Livonian Order Willekin von Endorp, and an unknown number of crusader allies. It was the last Semigallian victory over the growing forces of the Livonian Order.
In 1279, after the Battle of Aizkraukle, Grand Duke Traidenis of Lithuania supported a Semigallian revolt against the Livonian Order led by duke Nameisis. In the 1280s, the Livonian Order started a massive campaign against the Semigallians, which included burning their fields and thus causing famine. The Semigallians continued their resistance until 1290, when they burned their last castle in Sidrabene, and a large number of Semigallians â the Rhymed Chronicle claims 100,000 â migrated to Lithuania and once there continued to fight against the Germans.
Bauska district ÃÂapÃÂni, Drenãeri-ÃÂunkÃÂni, Dumpji, Jumpravmuià ¾a, Lielbertuà ¡i, Meà ¾otne hillfort, Podià Âi, Silià Âi, Zeltià Âi, Ziedoà Âskola
Dobele district Atvases, Auce, BÃÂüas-à  Ã·ÃÂrstaià Âi, CibÃÂni, Dobele hillfort, GailÃ«à ¡i, Grënerti, Guntià Âas, êles meà ¾niecëba, JÃÂà ÂogÃÂnas, Kaijukrogs, Ã¶à «ri, Lielogüi, Lozberãi, Oà ¡i, Skare, TÃÂrvete hillfort
Jelgava district Ciemalde, Diduüi, Eà ¾i, Gaideüi-ViduÃÂi, Kakuà ¾ÃÂni, KalnaplÃÂteri, Kraujas, öÃÂ÷i, Mazgrauà ¾i, Pudà ¾as, Rijnieki, Vilces parks
Saldus district Griezes dzirnavas, Kerklià Âi, PriedÃ«à ¡i, Rà «sÃ«à ¡i-Debeà ¡i
Tukums district Mutstrauti, Zante
Riga district Püavniekkalns
Pasvalys district ÃÂà ¾uolpamà «à ¡Ã hillfort, Berklainiai, DaujÃÂnai, Kyburtai, Meldiniai, Noriai, Pamià ¡kiai, Pamà «à ¡ÃÂ, Skrebotià ¡kis, Smilgeliai, à  akarniai, Vaidà ¾ià «nai
Akmenàdistrict Balsiai, Papilàhillfort, PavirvytÃÂ-Gudai, à  apnagiai, Viekà ¡niai
Jonià ¡kis district BudraiÃÂiai, DaugalaiÃÂiai, Daunorava, Dvarelià ¡kiai, Ivoà ¡kiai, Jauneikiai, Jonià ¡kis, Kalnelis (Sidabràhillfort), Lieporai, LinkaiÃÂiai, LinksmÃÂnai, Martynià ¡kiai, Rudià ¡kiai, Rukuià ¾iai, SlÃÂpsniai, Spirakiai, Stungiai, à ½agarà(Raktuvàhillfort)
Pakruojis district Aukà ¡tadvaris, Darguà ¾iai, Degesiai, Dirà ¾iai, Dovainià ¡kis, Karaà ¡ilis, Karpià ¡kiai, Kauksnujai, Lauksodis, Liesai, LinkaviÃÂiai, LinksmuÃÂiai, Linkuva, Pakruojis, PalieÃÂiai, Pamà «à ¡is, Paà ¡vitinys, Pelenià ¡kiai, Petroniai, PlauÃÂià ¡kai, Sakalià ¡kiai, StaÃÂià «nai, à  ukioniai, VÃÂbariai, à ½eimelis
à  iauliai district DaugÃÂlaiÃÂiai, GibaiÃÂiai, Jakà ¡taiÃÂiai, JurgaiÃÂiai hillfort (Hill of Crosses), Kaupriai, Kybartià ¡kÃÂ, Maà ¾eikiai, Noruà ¡aiÃÂiai, Norvaià ¡iai, RaÃÂiai, RinguvÃÂnai, Valdomai, Visdergiai
There is an unconfirmed theory that the Semigallians were one of the first Baltic tribes to establish a monarchy, yet one weak in comparison to the power of the Semigallian nobles.
One of the most notable Semigallian leaders was duke Viestards (Viesturs). Upon uniting hostile Semigallian clans into a single state in the early 13th century, Viestards formed an alliance with the German crusaders to defeat his enemies on the outside. After the crusaders broke the treaty and invaded his lands, he allied with Lithuanians, resulting in the near annihilation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the Battle of Saule in 1236.
Duke Nameisis (Namejs, Nameitis), another renowned Semigallian leader, united Semigallian and Lithuanian tribes for a retaliatory counterattack on Teutonic Knights at Riga in 1279 and in Prussia after 1281. Main sources for his activities are Livländische Reimchronik and Das Zeugenverhör des Franciscus de Moliano (1312). What is known with certainty, however, is that by the end of the 1270s, a new powerful leader had emerged who achieved several major victories over German crusaders in Zemgale and East Prussia.