Sekula Drljevià(; 7 September 1884 â 10 November 1945) was a Montenegrin nationalist, Yugoslav jurist, politician, orator, and theoretician. During World War II, he became a collaborator with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and cooperated with the Ustaà ¡e in the German puppet state of Croatia.
Born in the town of Kolaà ¡in, he earned a doctorate degree in law and became the Minister of Justice and Finance in the Kingdom of Montenegro before the outbreak of World War I. During the interwar period, he was a leading member of the "Greens", a Montenegrin nationalist and separatist movement. A proponent of the theory that Montenegrins were an ethnic group distinct from Serbs, he also founded and became the leader of the Montenegrin Federalist Party.
Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, DrljeviÃÂ began cooperating with the Italian authorities occupying Montenegro. In July, he proclaimed the reestablishment of the Kingdom of Montenegro, but his attempt to establish an Axis-aligned puppet state triggered an immediate uprising. That September, Italian authorities sent him to an internment camp in Italy after the outbreak of an anti-fascist revolt. DrljeviÃÂ escaped the camp several months later and made his way into the German-held half of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). In the summer of 1944, he created the Montenegrin State Council in Zagreb.
Drljeviàmoved back to Montenegro in 1945 and agreed to the formation of the Montenegrin National Army with Chetnik commander Pavle ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ. ÃÂurià ¡iàand several other Chetnik commanders were later ambushed and killed on behalf of Drljeviàand the NDH. ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ's men later joined DrljeviÃÂ's Montenegrin National Army and withdrew with him towards the Austrian border. In mid-1945, Drljeviàcrossed over into Austria with his wife, and the two ended up in a camp for displaced persons in Judenburg, where they were killed by Chetnik agents seeking to avenge ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ's death.
Sekula Drljeviàwas born on 7 September 1884 in the village of Ravno, near the town of Kolaà ¡in. Having finished law school in Zagreb and earned a doctorate degree, he became the Minister of Justice and Finance in the Kingdom of Montenegro in 1910. His brother Janko Drljeviàwas at that time an MP from the loyalist True People's Party. Drljeviàalso became an MP, and also served as a minister in King Nikola's cabinet during the Balkan Wars (1912âÂÂ13), and was renowned for his rhetorical skills.
During World War I, he was captured by Austro-Hungarian forces and interned at the Boldagason internment camp in Hungary, where he grew strongly opposed to King Nikola. He was released after the war and moved to Zemun and worked as a lawyer there. He became a leading member of the "Greens" (zelenaà ¡i), a Montenegrin separatist movement which sided with the Yugoslav Federalist Party. During this time, he cooperated frequently with Croatian politicians such as Stjepan RadiÃÂ, Vlatko MaÃÂek, and Ante PaveliÃÂ, with whom he became good friends. In the mid-1920s, Drljeviàfounded the Montenegrin Federalist Party. He quickly became the party's sole leader and foremost theoretician.
He expressed support for the unity of Yugoslavia and stressed Montenegro's loyalty to Serbian nationhood, but argued that a nation did not necessarily need to be part of a single state and hinted that he would support the restoration of Montenegro's independence. Consequently, the "Greens" demanded that Yugoslavia's internal boundaries be organized to match the borders of the Balkan states as they were prior to 1918.
Drljeviàand Mihailo Ivanoviàhad first attempted to found the Montenegrin Party for the 1920 election of a Constitutional Assembly, but were unable to do so due to a lack of time and resistance by the authorities. Drljeviàran unsuccessfully for the Montenegrin Federalist Party in the 1923 elections in both the counties of Nikà ¡iàand Kolaà ¡in. He ran again in Kolaà ¡in in 1925 and was elected to the National Assembly. In 1927, Drljeviàwas elected representative of the Zemun District on the electoral list of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS). Afterwards, he helped solve a political rift between Radiàand Serb politician Svetozar PribiÃÂeviÃÂ, resulting in the formation of an HSSâÂÂDemocratic Party coalition. The following year, Drljeviàunsuccessfully attempted to dissuade Radiàfrom attending the National Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes prior to his assassination by Serb politician Punià ¡a RaÃÂiÃÂ.
On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia. Montenegro was invaded by the forces of Germany and Italy, with the Germans attacking from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Italians from Albania. The Germans later withdrew, leaving the Italians to occupy the area. In the western portion of Yugoslavia, PaveliÃÂ, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, was appointed Poglavnik (leader) of an Ustaà ¡e-led Croatian state â the Independent State of Croatia (, NDH). The NDH combined almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia into an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate". NDH authorities, led by the Ustaà ¡e Militia, subsequently implemented genocidal policies against the Serb, Jewish and Romani population living within the borders of the new state.
The creation of an Axis puppet-state known as the Kingdom of Montenegro was proclaimed on 12 July 1941. The state was to be headed by an Italian regent and led by DrljeviÃÂ and his supporters. By 13 July, this proclamation prompted the outbreak of an anti-Italian uprising in Montenegro led by local communists (Partisans) and Serb nationalists (Chetniks). Having assumed power the previous day, DrljeviÃÂ established the Provisional Administrative Committee of Montenegro, a collaborationist entity which was a territorial component of the Italian Empire. He also organized his followers to fight against Montenegrin Chetniks and the Yugoslav Partisans. In September, he was dismissed from office by the Italians.
Believing his life was endangered by the revolt, they sent him to an internment camp in Italy. The idea of an independent Montenegro was abandoned, and the Italians opted for a military governorate. Several months later, DrljeviÃÂ escaped and smuggled himself into the German-controlled area of the NDH. With the surrender of Italy in September 1943, he moved back to Zemun. In the summer of 1944 DrljeviÃÂ relocated to Zagreb, where he created a Montenegrin State Council in the NDH with the assistance of the Germans and Croats. He also published a pamphlet in Zagreb titled Who are the Serbs? (). In it, he blamed supposedly "aggressive" Serb policies for all past and modern problems in the Balkans, presented ethnic Serbs as a "degenerate race" and pointed out their similarities with Jews.
Following the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, DrljeviÃÂ had become a proponent of the theory that Montenegrins were an ethnic group distinct from Serbs. As early as 1921, he had stated that Serbian and Montenegrin "mentalities" were diametrically opposed. He stated: "The mentalities of Serbians and Montenegrins are irreconcilable. The visage of the former was speckled with [Ottoman] slavery; liberty gave the latter a new visage." It was not until 1941 that DrljeviÃÂ advanced the notion that Montenegrins were not Slavs at all, but Dinaric people descended from the ancient Illyrians. He wrote:<blockquote>Races are communities of blood, whereas people are creatures of history. With their language, the Montenegrin people belong to the Slavic linguistic community. By their blood, however, they belong [to the Dinaric peoples]. According to the contemporary science of European races, [Dinaric] peoples are descended from the Illyrians. Hence, not just the kinship, but the identity of certain cultural forms among the Dinaric peoples, all the way from Albanians to South Tyroleans, who are Germanized Illyrians.</blockquote>
In the spring of 1945, Drljeviàvisited parts of Montenegro held by the Chetniks of Pavle ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ. It was here that ÃÂurià ¡iàmade a safe-conduct agreement with Drljeviàand with elements of the Armed Forces of the NDH. Although the details of the agreement are unknown, it appears to have been agreed that ÃÂurià ¡iàand his men were to move into the NDH and cross the Sava River into Slavonia where they would be aligned with Drljeviàas the Montenegrin National Army, with ÃÂurià ¡iàretaining operational command. Suspicious of DrljeviÃÂ's intentions, ÃÂurià ¡iàtried to outwit him and his forces by sending only his sick and wounded across the Sava, keeping his fit troops south of the river. Following his defeat at the Battle of LijevÃÂe Field, north of Banja Luka, and the defection of one of his sub-units to DrljeviÃÂ, ÃÂurià ¡iàwas forced to negotiate directly with the leaders of the NDH forces about the further movement of his units towards Slovenia. This appears to have been a trap, as he was attacked and captured by them on his way to the meeting. On 17 April 1945, after he returned to Zagreb, Drljeviàissued a proclamation with his political program and invited his "army" to fight both new Yugoslavia and Chetniks of Draà ¾a MihailoviÃÂ. On 20 April, ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ, Petar BaÃÂoviÃÂ, Dragià ¡a Vasiàand Zaharije Ostojiàwere taken to the Stara Gradià ¡ka prison, near Jasenovac.
The Ustaà ¡e gathered them in a field alongside 5,000 other Chetnik prisoners and arranged for Drljeviàand his followers to select 150 Chetnik officers and non-combatant intellectuals for execution. ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ, BaÃÂoviÃÂ, Vasiàand Ostojiàwere amongst those selected. They and the others were loaded onto boats by the Ustaà ¡e and taken across the Sava River, where they were killed either in the Jasenovac concentration camp itself or in a nearby marsh. Both the NDH forces and Drljeviàhad reasons for ensnaring ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ. The NDH forces were motivated by the mass terror committed by ÃÂurià ¡iàon the Muslim population in Sandà ¾ak and southeastern Bosnia while Drljeviàwas opposed to ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ's support of a union of Serbia and Montenegro which ran counter to DrljeviÃÂ's separatism. Left without a leader, the majority of ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ's men were integrated into DrljeviÃÂ's Montenegrin National Army and withdrew with him towards the Austrian border.
In the second half of May, the troops of the Montenegrin National Army surrendered to the British and were quickly turned back into Yugoslavia and into the hands of the communists. Drljeviàmanaged to evade capture, and he and his wife sought refuge at a camp for displaced persons in the Austrian town of Judenburg. On 10 November 1945, three of ÃÂurià ¡iÃÂ's followers discovered them there and murdered them by slitting their throats.
In 1944, DrljeviÃÂ rearranged the lyrics of the Montenegrin patriotic song "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" to celebrate the creation of the Montenegrin puppet regime that had been established in July 1941. He was declared a war criminal at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946. When "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" was chosen as the national anthem of Montenegro in 2006 with DrljeviÃÂ's additions intact, many Montenegrin antifascists protested the selection due to its fascist connotations.