Samuel-Alexandre Rousseau (; Neuve-Maison, 11 June 1853 - Paris, 1 October 1904) was a French composer.
His father made pump organs and Samuel entered the Paris Conservatoire when he was fourteen years old. He studied with Cesar Franck, and Francois Bazin
He was choirmaster at Sainte-Clotilde, Paris. He composed the comic opera, Leone.
He won the Prix de Rome in 1878, for his cantata 'La Fille de Jephté', and was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1900.
He was Marcel Samuel-Rousseau's father.